The use of immunotherapy and biologics has garnered increased interest as a potential treatment option for managing food allergies. Food allergy imposes significant economic burdens through treatment costs, healthcare utilisation, and reductions in health-related quality of life (HRQoL). We conducted a comprehensive systematic review to identify studies evaluating cost-effectiveness in immunotherapy and biologics in food allergy management. Findings indicate that non-commercial oral immunotherapy is the dominant economic strategy compared to no treatment, offering lower costs and improved HRQoL. In comparison, commercial products frequently exceeded cost-effectiveness thresholds compared to no treatment. Biologics such as omalizumab were less cost-effective compared to no treatment. Variability in health state utility calculations, cost inputs and models were noted among the eight included studies. The most often reported levers for cost-effectiveness on sensitivity analysis were the health state utility impact for food allergy and the HRQoL benefits associated with treatment. Overall, this review summarises the economic evaluations to date for immunotherapy and biologics in food allergy management. Future research should refine utility measurements, consider the direct and indirect costs of food allergy and integrate patient-centred perspectives and long-term treatment outcomes to better inform policy decisions and resource allocation in the evolving landscape of food allergy therapies.

5y follow up study of single dose challenges in the diagnosis and management of cow’s milk allergy in infants

Introduction Chemosensory dysfunction (CD), particularly olfactory and gustatory loss, is a well-recognised symptom of SARS-CoV-2 infection. While most cases resolve within weeks, a subset of patients experience persistent symptoms. The long-term trajectory of CD and its association with long COVID (LC) remain insufficiently explored. This study aimed to evaluate CD recovery four years post-infection and assess related LC symptoms and quality of life (QoL). Methods A prospective cohort of 356 individuals who experienced sudden CD during the COVID-19 pandemic completed a follow-up questionnaire four years after symptom onset. The survey assessed current CD status and LC symptom prevalence. QoL was assessed using validated self-report items. Chi-squared tests and odds ratios were used to compare outcomes between participants with full vs. persistent CD. The study followed STROBE guidelines. Results Only 43% of participants reported full recovery of CD after four years. Persistent dysfunction was most common among those aged 45–59 years (68.3%). Participants with persistent CD were significantly more likely to report LC symptoms, particularly fatigue (OR 4.44), memory difficulties (OR 3.60), and insomnia (OR 3.67). These symptoms were present in over 30% of this group. QoL scores indicated a greater impact on physical rather than emotional well-being. Conclusion A substantial proportion of individuals continue to experience CD and LC symptoms four years post-infection. These findings emphasise the need for long-term clinical awareness, support, and research to guide management strategies for post-viral chemosensory dysfunction.

Key points Dizziness and balance disorders affect a large population and contributes to a significant workload to an already stretched ear, nose and throat (ENT) outpatient service Vestibular rehabilitation (VR), a kind of physical therapy, is the mainstay of treatment for dizziness. However, across Europe this service is often delivered by varying specialties including audiology, ENT, physiotherapy and neurology. We highlight our experience in creating a VR-trained physiotherapy led service with multi-disciplinary support from ENT and audiology Results on the outcome of a large patient cohort (objective and subjective measurements of dizziness) over a 29 month period are strongly favourable for this service’s positive impact Wait times for patients to be seen are significantly shorter and a more comprehensive assessment with longer appointments are carried out for patients attending VR clinics as compared to ENT clinics

Evolution is shaped by development, natural selection, and physiological limitations that bias the range of variation observed in organisms, influencing patterns of diversification. This study investigates how patterns of morphological integration and modularity impact disparity and species richness across freshwater and terrestrial turtles. Modularity refers to the idea that biological systems, like organisms, organs, or traits, are organized into relatively independent, semi-autonomous units, called modules. Integration refers to how strongly different traits are interconnected or correlated with each other. We first hypothesize that the most diverse turtle suborder, Cryptodira, exhibit weaker integration and higher modularity than Pleurodira, leading to greater morphological disparity and species diversity. Second, we hypothesize that at the family level weaker integration and higher modularity promotes morphological disparity and species richness. To test these hypotheses we take linear measurements of limb, shell, and head characteristics of 1652 turtle specimens belonging to 270 species (70% of species level diversity). Covariation matrices were used to test hypotheses in a phylogenetic framework. Results partially support our hypotheses: Cryptodira show lower integration and higher modularity but unexpectedly lower disparity than Pleurodira. At the family level, higher modularity and weaker integration correlate with higher species richness, while integration is positively correlated with increased disparity. The most diverse families that have evolved terrestrial and aquatic lifestyles, Emydidae and Geoemydidae, exhibit high modularity, weak integration, low disparity, and higher species richness, whereas Kinosternidae and Trionychidae which have strictly aquatic species, exhibit moderate levels of modularity, high integratation, and high disparity. These findings highlight how patterns of trait covariation can shape organismal diversity, and the depth of our sampling provides key insight on how patterns of covariation can influence the diversification in a major order of vertebrates.

Background: Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) faces a dual challenge of limited access to essential opioids for pain relief and increasing concerns about misuse, diversion, and trafficking. Despite opioids being classified as essential medicines, access across the region remains constrained by restrictive laws, fragmented governance, limited provider training, and widespread stigma. While calls for more balanced opioid policies exist, systematic evidence on access and governance in SSA remains limited. This systematic review synthesises existing data to inform policy, practice, and research. Methods: The review was reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A comprehensive search of six electronic databases and relevant grey literature was conducted. Studies were included if they focused on any SSA country and examined opioid policy, access, regulation, or governance. Only English-language studies published between 1990 and 2024 were included. Two reviewers independently screened and assessed study quality. Thematic and content analysis were used for data synthesis. Results: Thirty-three studies met inclusion criteria, covering diverse SSA contexts. Five major themes were identified: policy and regulatory frameworks, barriers to access, governance and institutional roles, political influences, and data gaps. Across most settings, restrictive regulations, operational bottlenecks, weak health systems, stigma, and insufficient training impede opioid availability. Policies often emphasise control over care, contributing to widespread untreated pain. While some countries have implemented reforms and harm reduction strategies, coordination and surveillance remain limited. Conclusions: Expanding opioid access in SSA requires regulatory reform, decentralised prescribing, provider training, and investment in harm reduction and health infrastructure. A balanced, rights-based approach is needed to address both the undertreatment of pain and the risks of misuse. However, this review is limited by its reliance on studies published in English, resulting in a geographically skewed evidence base. This highlights the urgent need for more inclusive and representative research across diverse Sub-Saharan African contexts. Protocol Registration: The protocol was prospectively registered with PROSPERO (CRD42025637149).

Cattle is a native large herbivore to Europe, but the original wild form (aurochs) is extinct, and only a few feral populations occur on the continent. At the same time, there is rising interest in including wild or semi-wild cattle in rewilding projects across Europe. Natural or near-natural-living cattle are crucial in preserving open and semi-open vegetation by grazing, mitigating uniform vegetation densification and associated biodiversity losses, and elevated risk from fires. This study investigates the adaptation, behavior, and ecological role of feral cattle (Bos primigenius taurus) within the Chornobyl Radiation and Ecological Biosphere Reserve. The research examines the herd’s transition to a wild existence, emphasizing their capacity to thrive independently of human intervention. During 2019- 2024, direct visual observations of feral cattle, camera traps, and activity traces were used to investigate herd structure, behavior, and anti-predator responses. Our research revealed the emergence of social systems that provide protection against predators such as wolves and bears. Nonetheless, the limited herd size, risks of inbreeding, and external threats – particularly from the war – present difficulties to population sustainability. The results indicate that including additional individuals, especially Ukrainian gray cattle, may improve genetic variety and long-term viability. The study contributes to broader discussions on rewilding and the role of large herbivores in post-human ecosystems.

Top-down proteomics (TDP) is a powerful approach for characterizing intact protein molecules and their diverse proteoforms. Despite recent advances, current TDP software tools often suffer from fragmented workflows, steep learning curves for non-experts, or limited interactive visualization capabilities. To address these challenges, we introduce TDEase, an integrated analytical framework designed to streamline and enhance TDP data interpretation, with a current focus in integration with the TopPIC suite package for targeted proteoform characterization. TDEase features a modular architecture comprising TDPipe, a multi-process data processing engine, and TDVis, an interactive web-based visualization module. TDPipe automates the execution of mainstream TDP analysis algorithms through a user-configurable pipeline, ensuring seamless and reproducible data processing. The TDVis module then transforms these results into dynamic, interactive dashboards, enabling multidimensional data exploration, including feature maps and PTM analysis. An alternative version, TDVisWeb, is also available for visualizing the results on an internet server or intranet workstation at institutional core facilities. We demonstrated the software capabilities in proteoform identification and comparative analysis using published histone datasets. TDEase is built with Python and open-source, allowing future improvements and incorporation of more data types as the TDP community develops new software. Source code is available at https://github.com/Elcherneske/TDEase.

Curcumin is a natural bioactive substance with promising biomedical applications. However, the low solubility and stability of curcumin significantly limit its potential use. The development of nanoformulations of curcumin makes it possible to circumvent the above limitations. Cerium dioxide (CeO 2, NDC) nanoparticles are a promising platform for curcumin binding. They are able to absorb curcumin on their surface, providing increased bioavailability and bioaccumulation. Moreover, NDC have unique enzyme-like properties that can be used for targeted delivery and controlled release of curcumin. Meanwhile, the potential cytotoxicity of such nanoformulations remains poorly understood. In this work, we synthesized the NDC-curcumin nanoconjugate and investigated the effect of excess curcumin on the cytotoxicity of this nanoformulation. Curcumin has been shown to bind to the surface of nanoparticles, forming a sustainable and colloidally stable nanoconjugate. At the same time, excess curcumin formed a separate colloidal nanoscale fraction, which caused the pronounced cytotoxicity of the nanoconjugate in relation to human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT), primary mesenchymal stem cells (hMSc) and fibroblasts (HF). In turn, NDC provided an increased biocompatibility of curcumin. Thus, the application of a rational design of curcumin nanoformulations will help to overcome possible limitations of its use in practice and maximize its bioactivity.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force in securities trading, driving innovation in speed, precision, and scalability. This paper explores how AI optimizes trading strategies through algorithmic models capable of real-time market learning and prediction. It discusses current applications such as deep learning, reinforcement learning, and natural language processing (NLP) in financial trading. The paper also highlights critical challenges, including market volatility, data quality, ethical concerns, and regulatory barriers. Finally, it proposes a scalable AI framework for dynamic global financial markets and outlines future directions in algorithmic finance.

Background: Intrauterine and early neonatal exposures─ including maternal, obstetric, and postnatal factors─ may influence the risk of atopic sensitization in offspring. However, their independent associations with inhalant and food sensitization, as distinct outcomes, remain underexplored. Methods: Serum IgE levels for six food and eight inhalant allergens were measured in 619 five-year-old children participating in the prospective Kuopio Birth Cohort (KuBiCo). Atopic sensitization was defined as IgE >0.35 kU/L and >1.0 kU/L. Data on prenatal, obstetric and neonatal factors, and breastfeeding were collected through questionnaires and hospital records. Associations between early-life exposures and atopic sensitization were assessed using ANOVA, cross-tabulation and logistic regression models. Results: Atopic sensitization was observed in 38.0% of the children─ 25.4% for inhalant allergens and 31.7% for food allergens. In multivariable analysis, Cesarean delivery was associated with a 1.4─2.2-fold increased risk of inhalant sensitization, while living on a farm during pregnancy was associated with a 70% lower risk. In contrast, food sensitization was associated with median birthweight and lower maternal weight in the first trimester. Other maternal and perinatal factors, such as maternal education, infertility treatment prior to pregnancy, gestational diabetes, hypothyroidism or preterm delivery showed no significant associations. Conclusion: Perinatal factors appear to influence atopic sensitization more against inhalant than food allergens. A range of prenatal, obstetric, and early-life factors may contribute differentially to the risks to sensitization to inhalant and food allergens. As many of these factors are potentially modifiable, further research is warranted to explore preventive strategies.

IntroductionOsteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is characterized by low bone density and recurrent fractures beginning in early life. Bisphosphonates have been commonly used to manage osteoporosis, including in rare bone conditions such as OI, although no standardized sequential therapy has been established for OI with osteoporosis. We report a case of a 64-year-old male patient with OI and osteoporosis who underwent sequential therapy with romosozumab and teriparatide.

A document by Parker Emmerson. Click on the document to view its contents.

This prospective cohort study assessed clinical, laboratory, and virological factors associated with mortality in 227 ICU patients with RT-qPCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (September 2020–March 2021). Data were extracted from medical records, viral load was measured by RT-qPCR cycle threshold (Ct), and outcomes were compared. Survival was analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier curves. Non-survivors were significantly older ( p < 0.001) and more likely to have hypertension ( p = 0.014), chronic respiratory disease ( p = 0.042), and tobacco exposure ( p = 0.003). At admission, non-survivors had higher leukocyte counts ( p = 0.001), D-dimer ( p = 0.028), and creatinine levels ( p = 0.001), as well as lower arterial pH ( p = 0.006). Tracheal intubation was significantly more frequent in this group ( p < 0.001). During hospitalization, non-survivors presented persistently elevated leukocyte counts and more complications, including acute kidney injury, septic shock, and cardiac arrest ( p < 0.001). They also had longer hospital stays ( p = 0.046). Viral load was higher in non-survivors ( p = 0.026) and among those requiring intubation ( p = 0.042) and with cardiovascular disease ( p = 0.016). Survival analysis showed reduced survival among patients aged ≥65 years ( p = 0.004), with chronic respiratory disease ( p = 0.029), or with tobacco exposure ( p = 0.028). These findings highlight the impact of age, comorbidities, and viral load on COVID-19 severity and mortality, providing insights for clinical management and risk stratification.

Extracting deep subsurface information beneath the ocean is challenged due to temporally unstable oceanic noise levels, especially below 0.1 Hz, which limits the effectiveness of passive seismic methods such as horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR). In our previous work, we found that HVSR of ambient seismic noise (HVSRN) is unstable below 0.1 Hz at three broadband Ocean Bottom Seismometer (OBS) stations offshore Fukushima in the southern Japan Trench. To overcome this limitation, we present a novel approach that estimates HVSR using the coda of earthquakes (HVSRC). Multiple earthquakes with long-duration coda (≥200 s) enabled stable HVSRC estimation in the 0.05–10 Hz range, effectively extending the lower frequency limit for offshore HVSR. While HVSRC and HVSRN differ below 0.1 Hz, they exhibit similar curves between 0.1–10 Hz, confirming the reliability of HVSRC at ocean-bottom sites. Moreover, theoretical HVSRs below 0.2 Hz, computed using the local structure, show good agreement with observations. We inverted the average HVSRCs using the diffuse field assumption and the recently developed ’hvgeneralized’ algorithm, which accounts for the seawater layer, and obtained high-resolution 1D shear-wave velocity profiles down to 10,000 m depth. These profiles delineate sedimentary and crustal layers, and at one OBS station, we identified the Japan Trench plate interface at ~7,000 m depth. This study demonstrates that HVSRC can mitigate low-frequency instability in ocean-bottom HVSR using a straightforward approach and significantly extend its applicability from shallow subsurface investigations to deep marine crustal imaging.

The accurate modeling of field-aligned currents (FAC) and electron precipitation is critical for understanding magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling and improving space weather predictions. This study evaluates the performance of the SWMF in replicating observed FAC magnitudes and distributions, as well as electron precipitation during storms, substorms, and quiet-time events. The version of SWMF used in this study is configured with the Block-Adaptive-Tree-Solarwind-Roe-Upwind-Scheme (BATSRUS), the Rice Convection Model (RCM), Ridley Legacy Model (RLM), the Conductance Model for Extreme Events (CMEE), and OMNI solar wind data. This configuration of SWMF is ran via the Community Coordinated Modeling Center (CCMC). Using AMPERE and DMSP SSJ observations, we employ skill scores and contingency tables to quantify the model’s performance on both global and local scales. Overall the model is consistent with observations, but the simulations deviate from the data in some important ways. Our findings reveal that SWMF consistently underestimates the observed FAC magnitudes by about a factor of 2, highlighting the need for even more improved conductance modeling. On a local scale, the model performs better in regions of sustained Region 1 and Region 2 currents. Additionally, in this configuration, at best, SWMF Heidke Skill Score (HSS) is 0.583 when predicting electron precipitation flux. These results provide critical insights into current model limitations and lay the groundwork for future improvements in MHD simulations. The methodologies and benchmarks established in this study align with the research goals of the Geospace Dynamics Constellation (GDC) mission, offering new pathways to enhance our understanding of magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere coupling.

Author :Rupesh NandiIndependent ResearcherORCID : https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0511-5296📧 rupeshnandi330@gmail.comDate of Completion: June 10, 2025Research Type : Independent Research Paper (Science, Ethics, Emerging Technology)

The Little Akaki River faces significant environmental challenges, including sedimentation, which may adversely affect biodiversity and aquatic ecosystems. Understanding the relationship between macroinvertebrate metrics and sediment index along this river is crucial for assessing the river ecological health. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between macroinvertebrate metrics and sediment index along the Little Akaki River. The research was conducted across seven sampling sites based on the accessibility, intended to use and biotope richness from April to May 2024, employing a multi-habitat sampling methodology. Macroinvertebrates were collected from gravel, sand, mud, vegetation, riffles and pools with a 500 µm D-frame net. A total of 5575 macroinvertebrates were collected from gravel, sand mud, vegetation, riffles, pools, sand and mud. With 11 orders and 32 families, 21 taxa were found at site 1 and the lowest number of taxa was recorded at site 7. Habitat quality had a positive correlation with percentage of Ephemeroptera, percentage of EOT, and Shannon diversity index (r =0.833, r = 0.880, and r = 0.939, respectively). PSI had positive correlation with number of taxa, and ASPT-ETHbios (r = 0.819, and r = 0.798, respectively). A plot of RDA analysis separated the macroinvertebrate taxa which showed significant correlation with HQI. Most sites were heavily sedimented. The study reveals a significant correlation between PSI, habitat quality index, and macroinvertebrate metrics, providing clear evidence that sedimented sites are also heavily polluted. The causal relationship between fine sediment and pollution indicators needs to be investigated in detail.

Soil organic carbon (SOC) in salt marshes constitutes a critical component of the global soil carbon pool, with microbial community composition being the dominant controls on its biogeochemical transformation. Microbial composition undergoes significant changes following the reclamation of salt marshes. This study investigated the evolutionary characteristics of soil microbiome assemblages and their responses to environmental factors in buried salt marshes from reclamation areas of different ages in the Yangtze River Estuary. Results of 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing analysis of both buried (historical reclaimed) and modern salt marsh soils, revealed a significant decline in microbial diversity (with the Shannon index decreasing from 7.07–7.24 to 6.13–6.55) in buried salt marshes. This decline was accompanied by a shift from aerobic to anaerobic bacterial dominance with depth. The relative abundance of carbon- and sulfur-cycling microorganisms (e.g., sulfate-reducing bacteria Desulfobacterota) markedly decreased in buried salt marshes, indicating altered microbial metabolic functions. Key environmental drivers of microbial community variation included soil total nitrogen (TN), total organic carbon (TOC), and pH. Notably, TOC decreased significantly with depth, a trend potentially linked to the proliferation of anaerobic bacteria and enhanced carbon-sulfur cycling functions. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that TOC, TN and pH variations explained 73.5% of microbial community variation. These findings elucidate the spatiotemporal dynamics of microbial communities in buried salt marshes induced by reclamation and their environmental constraints, providing a theoretical basis for assessing the stability of soil carbon sinks of salt marshes.

The current study investigated the association of genetic risk status and diagnosed psychiatric disorders with executive functioning, measured by Trail Making Test Part B (TMT-B), in adoptees with high and low genetic risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The results showed no statistically significant differences in TMT-B completion times between adoptees with high and low genetic risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders, although adoptees with high genetic risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders as a group exhibited slightly slower performance. This contradicts previous studies reporting poorer TMT-B performance in unaffected first-degree relatives of individuals with schizophrenia. However, it aligns with studies that did not find differences in TMT-B performance between first-degree relatives of individuals with schizophrenia and controls. Significant differences in TMT-B completion times were observed among adoptees with psychiatric disorders, indicating that psychiatric morbidity associates with TMT-B performance, regardless of genetic risk. These findings indicate that various forms of psychopathology may hinder TMT-B performance, potentially due to reduced processing speeds or increased propensity towards a higher error rate. Although TMT-B performance did not differ between adoptees with high and low genetic risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders, our results do not rule out the existence of other cognitive deficits in adoptees with high genetic risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

Objective: The psychopathology of pregnancy denial is under-researched. We hypothesized that mothers’ insecure attachment styles may increase vulnerability to pregnancy denial. Design: Prospective, multicentre case-control study. Setting: France. Population: 71 case dyads (D+) and 71 control dyads (D-) at inclusion; 70 dyads at 8 weeks postpartum (D+: 24, D-: 46). Methods: Data were collected 8 weeks postpartum through self-questionnaires and structured clinical assessment evaluating mothers’ attachment style representation (Attachment Script Assessment [ASA]), personality traits (International Personality Disorders Examination [IPDE]), psychiatric profiles (Beck Depression Inventory II [BDI-II], State-Trait Anxiety Inventory [STAI-Y], Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale [EPDS]), and socio-medical profiles. Main Outcome Measures: mothers’ attachment style representation between the two groups. Results: Based on the ASA, D+ mothers displayed significantly more insecure attachment style representation: median scores of 2.50 in the D+ group and 3.38 in the D- group. D+ dyads had more frequent indices of social disadvantage, especially in terms of house accommodations and marital status. Difference between the two groups were not statistically significant for EPDS postnatal depression score, BDI depression score, STAI anxiety score; while D+ women exhibited on average higher borderline and paranoid traits based on the IPDE screening. Conclusions: D+ mothers tend to exhibit more insecure attachment style representations, longstanding personality dysfunction, greater social vulnerability without differences in terms of associated emotional symptoms. Identifying mothers with insecure histories is crucial for psychosocial support.

Objective: Estimate the proportion of subclinical/Overt hypothyroidism at 6 weeks post-partum in women diagnosed with subclinical hypothyroidism during current pregnancy and its association with anti-thyroid antibodies. Secondary objective is to estimate the proportion of congenital hypothyroidism in these babies. Design: Prospective Cohort study Setting: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Tertiary care hospital, Puducherry, India. Population: Pregnant women >18years, diagnosed with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH)during current pregnancy at 14-28 weeks of gestation. Methods: TSH, FT3, FT4, Anti-Thyroid peroxidase antibody & Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies were assessed antenatally and postnatally at six weeks. Neonatal TSH on day-3 were done. Main outcome measures: Proportion of persisting Subclinical hypothyroidism and congenital hypothyroidism. Association of antithyroid antibodies with postnatal subclinical hypothyroidism. Results: 156 participants were included, 15.3% had persisting SCH at six weeks postpartum. There was no significant association between Anti Thyroid antibodies with the persistence of SCH in the postnatal period. However, the percentage of subjects with anti-thyroid antibody positivity in the antenatal period was 23.7 %; it increased by 7.1 % in the postnatal follow-up (p=0.001). Congenital hypothyroidism was detected in 2% of cases. Conclusions: At six weeks postpartum, 15.3% of women had persisting SCH, emphasizing the need for routine postnatal screening. Long-time follow up studies are required for establishing its association with Anti-thyroid antibodies. The higher incidence of congenital hypothyroidism (2%) highlights the need for neonatal thyroid screening. Funding: Nil Keywords: Subclinical hypothyroidism, postpartum thyroid function, anti-thyroid antibodies, gestational hypothyroidism.

The modification of zeolite mining waste (ZMW) to develop a solid adsorbent for carbon dioxide (CO₂) capture presents significant potential for low-pressure CO₂ immobilization with a reduced carbon footprint, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional adsorbents such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The dealumination process applied to ZMW produces materials with distinct mineral frameworks, significantly altering micropore concentration and surface morphology. Aluminium removal varies from 40.4% to 86.5%, corresponding to Si/Al ratios from 8.2 to 36.2. Lower dealumination conditions existing pores, while strong dealumination creates new pores and reduces external surface area. Intermediate aluminium removal results in surface polishing, low micropore area, and high external surface area. Monoethanolamine (MEA) impregnation is carried out using the wet impregnation method and confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetry (TG). The L16(3⁴) orthogonal experimental design identifies the optimal region for CO₂ uptake in relation to H₂SO₄ concentration, reaction time, and MEA loading. A 1% MEA loading provides the highest CO₂ uptake regardless of Si/Al ratio, indicating steric hindrance at higher loadings. FTIR confirms MEA on the zeolite surface and suggests adsorption and desorption below 99 °C to avoid degradation. These results support ZMW as a low-cost, low-carbon adsorbent for CO₂ capture.

This case describes the classical appearance of an unicuspid aortic valve imaged using different modalities of trans esophageal echocardiography. Recognizing the valvar anatomy and the often associated aortopathy has important clinical implications.