In the lecture, we will see how a time dependent coupling allows us to engineer a new Hamiltonian. Most importantly, we will discuss the resonant coupling of two levels and the decay of a single level to a continuum.

We are going to discuss the two-level system, it's static properties like level splitting at avoided crossings and dynamical properties like Rabi oscillations.

In this second lecture we will finish the discussion of the basic cooking recipes and discuss a few of the consequences like the uncertainty relation, the existance of wave packages and the Ehrenfest theorem.

In this first lecture we will review the foundations of quantum mechanics at the level of a cooking recipe. This will enable us to use them later for the discussion of the atomic structure and interaction between atoms and light.

IntroductionThermometer calibrationFollowing the method outlined in Ref. \cite{Fortune_2000}, we approximate the magnetic field and temperature dependence \(R\left(T,\ B\right)\) of a resistive thermometer using a linear combination of Chebyshev polynomials \(t_n\left(x\right)\) 

This is a preprint Journal Club review of Memory sequencing reveals heritable single cell gene expression programs associated with distinct cellular behaviors by Sydney M Shaffer, Benjamin L Emert, Ann E. Sizemore, Rohit Gupte, Eduardo Torre, Danielle S Bassett, and Arjun Raj. The preprint was originally posted on July 27, 2018 (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/379016).  Dear authors,Thank you for posting your work as a preprint on BioRxiv. We discussed your work at our latest quantitative and systems biology journal club at UCLA. Below is a summary of our feedback containing our main remarks, points of discussion, and suggestions.This study aimed to identify genes and groups of genes that exhibit memory persisting over multiple cell divisions. The authors hypothesized that any such genes would manifest phenotypically as rare cell subsets within a seemingly homogeneous population. To test their hypothesis, they developed a clever new method, termed MemorySeq, which adapts the classic Luria-Delbrück fluctuation experiment to examine gene expression at the genome scale. In this experiment, a clonal population of cells was passed through a bottleneck and gene expression was quantified by RNA sequencing. Genes that exhibited high inter-clonal expression variability were identified as exhibiting multi-generational memory. MemorySeq also allowed them to identify genes that conferred drug resistance, confirming that heritable expression can create specialized cell subsets. In general, the methods were innovative and well-suited to analyze gene expression heritability at the systems scale. The paper was very clearly written and the figures were, for the most part, well-presented. Our comments are outlined below. 

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to NRM18 - ‘Mapping Neuroreceptors at Work’. The meeting, established by Prof Albert Gjedde in 1997, represents a vibrant community of in vivo brain researchers deciphering the mysteries of the living human brain: exploring how CNS molecule - protein recognition makes us human – for better or for worse – in sickness and in health. This year’s meeting is no exception and brings together delegates from around the globe to discuss the latest advances and controversies in this constantly evolving field. A record-breaking number of attendees (ca. 300) will be joining the 2018 meeting at KCL Waterloo Campus in central London.In addition to keynote talks on ‘The Neurobiology of Beauty’ (Prof. Semir Zeki) and ‘Of Psychotic Mice and Men’ (Prof. Oliver Howes), the programme includes an impressive collection of the latest scientific research in the field, scheduled as oral and poster presentations. In order to maximise exposure of the submitted abstracts, we have also implemented two ‘rapid-fire’ sessions during the meeting. Other programme additions include the NRM18 ‘Grand Challenge’, a session on ‘Opportunities and Challenges for Total Body Imaging’ and a status update on the ‘Data Sharing Initiative’.In addition to enjoying an excellent scientific program, the conference dinner and entertainment on Wednesday will be held aboard the ‘Dixie Bell’ for a cruise along the river Thames, details of which will be provided during the meeting.The organization of NRM18 would not have been possible without the dedicated efforts of many individuals, including the local organising committee and administration, scientific advisory board, reviewers, session chairs, presenters, sponsors, exhibitors and supporters for their invaluable contribution to the conference. Most importantly we would like to thank YOU, the delegates, who never fail to provide lively scientific (and non-scientific) debate during the meeting. We hope you have a stimulating and enjoyable NRM18. Book of abstracts: https://authorea.com/users/242183/articles/323425/master/file/Book_of_abstracts_NRM.pdf

Abstract.Relatively unstructured expression of some preliminary thoughts about how a priori explanatory models of dynamic complex systems might be constructed outside of a canonical approach.Body.A canonical approach consists of inference that strictly follows from precisely defined concepts, or spatio-temporal maps, the variation from which is some kind of confounding error to form a new hypothesis. If precision, whether of a concept, or a mathematical relation, is not retained from one state of a system to another, then the canonical approach does not capture what is relevant (if there is a sense in which a system incorporates a model of itself, so there is some kind of repetition or homeostasis that can't be explained through a continuous model).What might questions associated with a non-canonical approach be?Defining where an analogue representation of a system within itself is possible (different dependencies of variables tending to be separable).If there is no possibility that these are separable, and an analogue representation of a system within itself cannot occur, then a system of coded representation would be necessary for a system to maintain these characteristics of homeostasis or repetition.As such, if a coded representation of a system are necessary within the system this may be explained by a mathematical model which answers the question of when differing dependencies of variables are separable.The inferential relation between parameters affecting the model may provide a guide for which principal components to look for in the data from such a system (this guide being a mathematical rather than a conceptual heuristic)

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to NRM18 - ‘Mapping Neuroreceptors at Work’. The meeting, established by Prof Albert Gjedde in 1997, represents a vibrant community of in vivo brain researchers deciphering the mysteries of the living human brain: exploring how CNS molecule - protein recognition makes us human – for better or for worse – in sickness and in health. This year’s meeting is no exception and brings together delegates from around the globe to discuss the latest advances and controversies in this constantly evolving field. A record-breaking number of attendees (ca. 300) will be joining the 2018 meeting at KCL Waterloo Campus in central London.In addition to keynote talks on ‘The Neurobiology of Beauty’ (Prof. Semir Zeki) and ‘Of Psychotic Mice and Men’ (Prof. Oliver Howes), the programme includes an impressive collection of the latest scientific research in the field, scheduled as oral and poster presentations. In order to maximise exposure of the submitted abstracts, we have also implemented two ‘rapid-fire’ sessions during the meeting. Other programme additions include the NRM18 ‘Grand Challenge’, a session on ‘Opportunities and Challenges for Total Body Imaging’ and a status update on the ‘Data Sharing Initiative’.In addition to enjoying an excellent scientific program, the conference dinner and entertainment on Wednesday will be held aboard the ‘Dixie Bell’ for a cruise along the river Thames, details of which will be provided during the meeting.The organization of NRM18 would not have been possible without the dedicated efforts of many individuals, including the local organising committee and administration, scientific advisory board, reviewers, session chairs, presenters, sponsors, exhibitors and supporters for their invaluable contribution to the conference. Most importantly we would like to thank YOU, the delegates, who never fail to provide lively scientific (and non-scientific) debate during the meeting. We hope you have a stimulating and enjoyable NRM18.Book of abstracts: https://authorea.com/users/242183/articles/323425/master/file/Book_of_abstracts_NRM.pdf

We define a scale modularity analogy to the concept of $\bmod$. This is modular in a product sense rather than an addition sense. Some properties are investigated. DEFINITION We have modular arithmetic and the mod operation can be explained as: $a \bmod b$ means take a, subtract b as many times as possible while keeping the difference greater than 0, and then return the result. We can generate a new statement: a scm b means take a, divide by b as many times as possible while keeping the quotient greater than 1, and then return the result. The additive inverse operation ‘subtract’ was changed to the multiplicative inverse ‘divide’ and the additive identity 0 was changed to the multiplicative identity 1. We can consider the properties of this operation: CONJECTURES Here codes like A123456 refer to sequences in the online encyclopedia of integer sequences (OEIS). Some conjectures on this operation are: $$ ab \; \; c = (a \; \; c)(b \; \; c)\; \; c $$ $$ a\cdots z \; \; c = (a \; \; c)\cdots(z \; \; c)\; \; c $$ $$ n \; \; 2 = {A082908(n-1)} $$ $$ p_k \; \; k \sim \log k $$ $$ 2^k \;\; 2 = 1 $$ $$ 3 \cdot 2^k \;\; 2 = {2} $$ $$ 5 \cdot 2^k \;\; 2 = {4} $$ $$ 2^k-1 \;\; 2 = 2 $$ $$ \; 2) 2^{\lceil \log_2 p_k\rceil}}{2p_k} = 1, k>1 $$

In this experiment we will find that the wavelength of light from a laser can be measured fairly well with the clever use of a ruler. This is a fine way to introduce more advanced forms of error propagation, as well as some introductory statistical analysis tools, to students in an upper division physics lab who are looking to understand the appropriate ways to interpret and report data. The evaluation methods used come directly from John R. Taylor's "An Introduction to Error Analysis" 

ABSTRACT Preferential trade agreements are meant to promote trade within the targeted region. Once such agreements are put into effect, it is interesting to investigate the impact and effectiveness in the targeted region. This paper analyzes world trade network as a graph and introduces the measure to evaluate a change in strength or degree of regional integration. The measure or index introduced also captures the contribution of member countries in the regional integration. INTRODUCTION The Number of preferential trade agreements has been increasing since the 1990s and has increased more than four-fold . Do preferential trade agreements foster trade between the member countries? This question has been as important today as it was when such agreements were formed. This paper analyzes world trade network data to answer this question. The main aim of such agreements is to foster mutual trade in the region and they are considered helpful for promoting the regional economic competitiveness as well. Whereas the impact of such agreements is not homogeneous across countries, the impact is large for industrialized nations and small for developing nations. Several measures of regional integration are devised and found in the literature . Intra-regional trade share ( Si ) measures the ratio of regions i intra-regional trade to total trade . Intraregional Trade Share, Intraregional Trade Intensity Index, and Regional Trade Introversion Index measure the degree of trade interdependence in a certain region . This paper analyze Regional Trade Integration Index and introduce an index, which measures the individual contribution of member countries in the given region. METHODOLOGY This paper introduces an index to study regional trade integration and examines trade data before and after the formation of such agreements. Collection of countries around the world and their trade relationship is represented by graph G(W, E) . W represents a set of all countries and E represents a set of all directed edges or all possible exports. Let eij represents the amount of export from country i to j country. REGIONAL TRADE INTEGRATION INDEX (RTII): This index is the ratio of the sum of exports of all member nations within the region to the sum of export of member nations outside the region. The index range from 0 to 1. Index 0 indicates the member countries do not export within region index 1 indicates the members in a group export everything to other group members. Let g(W′, E′) be a subgraph of G(W, E) and W′ ⊆ W and E′ ⊆ E. In real world, graph G(W, E) all countries in the world and their export relationship. And, subgraph g(W′, E′) represent some preferential trade agreements e.g. NAFTA. Regional Trade Integration Index (RTII) for subgraph g is calculated as Ig. $$I_g=}}e_{ij}}} {}e_{ij}}$$ Individual contribution to the regional integration is computed as Individual Contribution Index (ICI) $$ICI_g^{i}=}e_{ij}}} {}e_{ij}}$$ Where, ICIgi is the ICI for a country i in subgraph g. The weighted sum of Individual Contribution Index is equal to Regional Trade Integration Index . $$I_g = \sum}ICI_g^{i}$$ INDIVIDUAL TRADE INTEGRATION INDEX (ITII): The index indicates how integrated a country is in a certain or group. The index compares the country’s export within the region to export outside the region. Or, the index calculates the ratio of the sum of the export of a country to all another member country in a region to the sum of export of the country to all nations around the globe. This index range from 0 to 1. Integration index 0 indicates the country export within the region is 0 or the country doesn’t export at all to the member countries in the region. Integration index 1 indicates the country’s whole export is within the region and exports nothing outside the region. This paper introduces an integration index Igi, which represents the integration of a country i in some region g or trade agreement or subgraph is given by $$I^{i}_{g} = }{e_{ij}}}{\sum{e_{ij}}}$$ DISCUSSION This paper analyzes and investigates the trend of regional integration for regional trade agreements NAFTA. The ITII of a country with respect to a particular region indicates the country’s contribution to regional integration and RTII represents a ratio of the region’s export within the same region to export to all other countries. Figure [109874] shows RTII for the NAFTA region and the ITII for all countries in the that region. The figure shows RTII for the NAFTA region is almost at the same level in 1990 and 2016 with some fluctuations in between. RTII shown by the red solid line in the figure indicates, the percentage of trade export that NAFTA does within the region compared to all around the world. The RTII trend indicates gradual increment from the inception of NAFTA to downward trend particularly during the global financial slowdowns around the year 2008. The RTII was 0.430114 when the group was formed and reached up to 0.576939 in 2002, then decreased to 0.487429 in 2009, eventually follows an increasing trend after the financial crisis of 2008. Downward trend before 2008 and the upward trend after 1999 is noticeable. If we look at the individual countries ITII, Mexico’s the ITII index is highest among the three countries followed by Canada and the USA. Notably, the ITII is moving parallel for three nations.

En esta tarea se abordan problemas relacionados con los temas: vectores, momento de una fuerza y teorema de Varignon.

Popular culture has traditionally tended to paint a skewed image of the average marijuana user. The typical cannabis consumer – we've been led to believe by media imagery – is invariably a lazy, unmotivated millennial, often black, and typically living paycheck-to-paycheck. As cannabis becomes legalized and regulated across the nation, along with the implementation of seed-to-sale systems that track some consumer behavior at the point-of–sale, more information has become available to shed light on cannabis consumer behavior to help lawmakers and businesses make better informed decisions. What is so far resulting is a portrait of the cannabis industry retail landscape looking an awful lot like the same as the landscape for other retail generally.

This is a review of Carter, Helm et al. bioRxiv 374264; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/374264 posted on July 23, 2018. In this paper, the authors showed that diverse barley cultivars are able to respond to the Pseudomonas syringae effector AvrPphB and they characterized  both the effector target (PBS1) and the receptor (PBR1) responsible for this recognition. Furthermore, their phylogenetic analyses revealed that the immune receptor involved in this response is not orthologous to a previously characterized receptor (RPS5) from Arabidopsis thaliana that has a functionally analogous AvrPphB recognition mechanism. This leads the authors to conclude that recognition of the AvrPphB protease has evolved independently in Arabidopsis and barley.

Hello, and welcome to Authorea!👋  We're happy to have you join us on this journey towards making writing and publishing smoother, data-driven, interactive, open, and simply awesome. This document is a short guide on how to get started with Authorea, specifically how to take advantage of some of our powerful tools. Of course, feedback and questions are not only welcome, but encouraged--just hit the comment icon to the right of this text 💬  (You can also highlight specific parts of the text to leave a comment on). (Ha. That's your first lesson!).The BasicsAuthorea is a collaborative document editor built primarily for researchers. It allows you to collaboratively write in real-time in normal text, LaTeX, and Markdown all within the same document. In addition to easily writing together, each article on Authorea is a git repository, which allows you to host data, interactive figures, and code. But first, let's get started! 1. Sign up.If you're not already signed up, do so at authorea.com/signup.  Tip: if you are part of an organization, sign up with your organizational email.  2. First stepsDuring the signup process you will be asked a few questions: your location, your title, etc. You will be also prompted to join a group. Groups are awesome! They allow you to become part of a shared document workspace. Tip: during signup, join a group or create a new one for your team. Overall, we suggest you fill out your profile information to get the best possible Authorea experience and to see if any of your friends are already on the platform. If you don't do it initially during sign up, don't worry; you can always edit your user information in your settings later on.Once you've landed on your profile page (see below). There are a few things you should immediately do:Add a profile picture. You've got a great face, show it to the world :) For reference, please see Pete, our chief dog officer (CDO), below. Add personal and group information. If you haven't added any personal information, like a bio, a group affiliation, or your location, do it! You might find some people at your organization already part of Authorea, plus it is a great way to build your online footprint, which is always good for getting jobs.Invite your colleagues. Click here to invite contacts from your Gmail. You'll get extra private documents in your account and you'll make Pete very happy!

ABSTRACT The largest contributor to the planetary energy imbalance is well-mixed greenhouse gases (GHGs), which are partially offset by poorly-mixed (and thus northern mid-latitude dominated) anthropogenic aerosols (AAs). To isolate the effects of GHGs and AAs, we analyze data from the CMIP5 historical (i.e. all natural and anthropogenic forcing) and single forcing (GHG-only and AA-only) experiments. Over the duration of the historical experiment (1861-2005) excess heat uptake at the top of the atmosphere and ocean surface occurs almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere, with AAs canceling the influence of GHGs in the Northern Hemisphere. This interhemispheric asymmetry in surface heat uptake is eliminated by a northward oceanic transport of excess heat, as there is little hemispheric difference in historical ocean heat storage after accounting for ocean volume. Data from the 1pctCO2 and RCP 8.5 experiments suggests that the future storage of excess heat will be skewed towards the Northern Hemisphere oceans. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY Climate change is fundamentally an energy balance problem. Due to the influence of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the amount of solar energy absorbed by Earth is currently greater than the amount of energy radiated to space. This energy imbalance is partially offset by particulate matter released into the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels (anthropogenic aerosols; AAs), which is most concentrated in the northern mid-latitudes. In this study, model simulations of the historical and future climate are compared to single forcing simulations that apply only GHG or AA emissions. We find that the historical uptake of excess heat is strongly skewed towards the Southern Hemisphere because AAs cancel the influence of GHGs in the Northern Hemisphere. The oceanic storage of that heat shows little difference between the hemispheres due to a strong northward transport of excess heat. In future, the models suggest excess heat storage will skew towards the Northern Hemisphere. KEY POINTS - Single forcing simulations of the historical (1861-2005) climate suggest anthropogenic aerosols cause most excess heat uptake to occur in the Southern Hemisphere - This interhemispheric asymmetry in heat uptake is eliminated (after accounting for ocean volume) by a northward oceanic transport of excess heat - In future, the storage of excess heat will be skewed towards the Northern Hemisphere

Consider the integral $$ G(n) = \int_0^\infty\int_0^\infty \int_0^\infty e^{-x_1-x_2-x_3}(|x_1-x_2|,|x_2-x_3|,|x_3-x_1|)^n\; dx_1 dx_2 dx_3 $$ this is somewhat analagous to the gamma function which could be written $$ \Gamma(n+1) = \int_0^\infty \int_0^\infty e^{-x_1-x_2}(|x_1-x_2|)^n\; dx_1 dx_2 $$ nice values which seem to be related to Mersenne products n G(n) Mersenne --- --------- ------------------------------------- 0 1 (2¹ − 1) 1 3/2 (2² − 1)/2 2 7/2 (2³ − 1)/2 3 45/4 (2⁴ − 1)(2² − 1)/4 4 93/2 (2⁵ − 1)(2² − 1)/2 5 945/4 (2⁶ − 1)(2⁴ − 1)/4 6 5715/4 (2⁷ − 1)(2⁴ − 1)(2² − 1)/4 7 80325/8 (2⁸ − 1)(2⁶ − 1)(2⁴ − 1)/(2² − 1)/8 the denominators appear to relate to A001316 called Gould’s sequence, which is given by $$ d_n = ^n \left[{k} \bmod 2\right] $$ the numerators do not appear to be in the OEIS, but appear to be divisible by 2n + 1 − 1. The part left seems to be the largest odd divisor of n!, or related. From this it seems that $$ G(n) = \int_0^\infty\int_0^\infty \int_0^\infty e^{-x_1-x_2-x_3}(|x_1-x_2|,|x_2-x_3|,|x_3-x_1|)^n\; dx_1 dx_2 dx_3 = -1)n!}{2^n} = n!(2-2^{-n}) $$ which also seems to generalise to $$ G(n) = \int_0^\infty\int_0^\infty \int_0^\infty e^{-x_1-x_2-x_3}(|x_1-x_2|,|x_2-x_3|,|x_3-x_1|)^n\; dx_1 dx_2 dx_3 = \Gamma(n+1)(2-2^{-n}) $$ for non integer n. For drawing k variables from the distribution, and taking the max of all ${2}$ variables, we appear to have $$ G_k(n) = (k-1) \int_0^\infty x^{n} e^{-(k-1)x}(e^{x}-1)^{k-2} \; dx $$ which seems to be asymptotic to log(k). In fact Gk(1)−log(k) seems to approach γ

Writing with a purpose means that you need to make sure your writing communicates amessage. However, doing this effectively might mean taking a few extra steps as you write. Inthis article, we will look at seven ways you can improve your writing and communication skills.

Proposal simlitabmas sudah dibuka dengan deadlin pengumpulan waktu tanggal 24 agustus. Semua penulis diwajibkan sekarang mengumpulkan proposal dalam bentuk web bukan lagi dalam bentuk kertas yang sifatnya harus dicetak tanda tangani tempel materai sampul dan lain-lain beberap fitur dari simlitabmas sekarang semakin mempermudah anda dalam mengupload berkas  penelitian anda. Dalam tulisan ini saya sedang bingung untuk mengambil tinjauan pustaka, mungkin tulisan ini akan membahas sedikit mengenai proposal saya selanjutnya yang saya akan gunakan untuk proposal penelitian dosen pemula saya yang keduaAturan dari Ristek dikti beberapa mungkin akan mempersulit anda seperti referensi minimal penelitian 10 tahun terakhirpada penelitian \citet*{Haghighat_Mamaghani_2016} mereka berbicara tentang penelitian mereka di Kolombia untuk meningkatkan elektrifikasi yang tidak terkoneksi langsung dengan jaringan listrik di PLN nya kolombia (tapi kolombia beda sendiri sih sebutannya untuk PLN nya). Daerah yang digunakan penelitian hanya memiliki rasio elektrifikasi 40% jauh dari populasi yang sangat membutuhkan.  Ada tiga daerah utama yang menjadi bahan penelitian ini adalah Puerto Estrella , Unguina, dan Jerico (khusus Desa)  kebutuhan masing-masing daerah mengenai listriknya dalam (kwh/day) 379, 180, dan 213.Solar PV yang digunakan sebesar 320 W dan  240 W dengan umur maksimum 20 tahun.  Turbin  angin sendiri kapasitas 10 kW dan 20 kW dengan ketinggian 18 m dengan umur 10 tahun. Pelengkap diesel generator, baterai dan generator.Skenario yang digunakansistem generator tanpa menggunakan jaringan listriksistem PV tanpa menggunakan jaringann listriksistem Turbin angin tanpa jaringan listrikPV-Turbin angin tanpa jaringan listrikGenerator-PV Tanpa jaringan listrikGenerator- Turbin  Angin tanpa jaringan listrik Generator- PV- Turbin Angin tanpa jaringan listrikDari Hasil Simulasi seluruh skenario untuk   Puerto Estrella dapat menghasil nilai NPC yang lebih NPC. Skenario 5 merupakan skenario paling optimal yang dapat digunakan karena dengan alasan skenario tersebut dapat memberikan energi lebih untuk populasi yang sangat besar. sedangkan untuk desa Jerico dari seluruh hasil skenario yang dapat diterapkan adalah skenario 5  dengan alasan nilai investasi yang lebih rendah.  Dari Hasil Penelitian ini ternyata dapat disimpulkan energi terbarukan belum dapat memenuhi kebutuhan secara penuh karena terbentur dengan masalah ekonomi sehingga solusi yang dapat diberikan yaitu dengan menggunakan sistem hybrid Generator dengan energi terbarukan. pada kasus kota pertama penggunaan seluruh energi terbarukan hybrid dengan generator mampu memenuhi kebutuhan energi. sedangkan untuk dua kasus terakhir generator merupakan pilihan paling ekonomis dengan PV sebagai hybrid pelengkap karena daerah-daerah potensi energi yang dapat digunakan adalah matahari.Pada penelitian \citet*{Shaahid_2010} Penggunaan Solar PV-Turbin Angin- Generator untuk sebuah Desa di Arab Saudi yang tidak terkoneksi dengan jaringan listrik. Arab saudi merupakan negara yang ikut menandatangani   Kyoto Protocol mengenai energi bersih dan menangkap carbon agar tidak berdampak terhadap lingkungan. Penggunaan  PV- Turbin angin tidak dapat digunakan untuk menyuplai daya listrik selama 24 jam sehingga membutuhkan generator untuk mengisi kekosongan tersebut.  Daerah yang digunakan penelitian adalah Rafa yang terletak di timur laut. Pada Daerah ini generator  lebih banyak digunakan karena sumber minyak yang mudah diperoleh. Pada penelitian ini menghasilkan perbandingan dua simulasi untuk kapasitas energi 1,2 MW yang dihasilkan dari Turbin angin dan Solar PV serta 4,5 MW yang dihasilkan dari generator diesel.  waktu beroperasi generator diesel akan menurun dengan peningkatan kapasiatas Turbin angin dan Solar PV yang dipasang.  Penelitian ini berfokus pada penetrasi penggunaan dua sumber energi terbarukan tersebut.Pada penelitian \cite{Sajed_Sadati_2017}  pemodelan sistem energi terbarukan  untuk sebuah pulau menggunakan PV dan turbin angin. Energi yang dihasilkan digunakan untuk skala kampus pada pulau tersebut. Model yang digunakan untuk mengetahui nilai produksi energi yang dihasilkan, NPC (net present cost) , dan LCOE ( levelized cost of  energy)   serta menggunakan dua alternatif dengan dan tanpa penyimpanan energi. Dari hasil penelitian ini didapatkan untuk LCOE atau harga untuk energi yang diproduksi sebesar 0.15 dollar/kWh.  Analisa sensitivitas yang digunakan disesuaikan dengan data cuaca karena tingkat ketidakpastian dari data angin lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan data sinar matahari. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disinergikan dengan lokasi yang dimodelkan.

This is a journal club review of Moderate developmental alcohol exposure reduces repetitive alternation in a zebrafish model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, posted on bioRxiv (DOI: 10.1101/370072)

Steven Burgess (0000-0003-2353-7794), Samuel Fernandes, Antony Digrado, Charles Pignon, Elsa de Becker, Naomi Housego Day, Lusya Manukyan, Stephanie Cullum, Isla Causon, Iulia Floristeanu, Young Cho, Freya Way, Judy Savitskya, Robert Collison, Aoife Sweeney, Pietro Hughes, Cindy Chan AbstractThis review is compiled from notes taken by the UIUC Plant Physiology preprint journal club during a one hour session on 2018-07-30. The review refers to the preprint "Natural variation in stomata size contributes to the local adaptation of water-use efficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana" by Hannes Dittberner, Arthur Korte, Tabea Mettler-Altmann, Andreas Weber, Grey Monroe, and Juliette de Meaux ( doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/253021) published on BioRxiv.ReviewIn the paper “Natural variation in stomata size contributes to the local adaptation of Water use efficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana” Dittberner et al. (2018) investigated the genetic basis of water use efficiency using genome wide association analysis. Findings included (1) that there is substantial variation in stomatal size and patterning in A. thaliana accessions (2) decreased stomata size correlates with increased water use efficiency (3) two novel QTL affecting WUE independently of stomatal patterning (4) water use efficiency is a polygenic trait and (5) natural selection contributed to the establishment of variation in WUE in accordance with climatic conditions.The findings are in accordance with previous studies looking at genetic variation in stomatal size and patterning in A. thaliana (Delgado et al. 2011; Monda et al. 2016), the role of natural selection in WUE of tomato (Muir et al. 2014), analysis of genomic variation in WUE in A. thaliana (Easlon et al. 2014; Aliniaeifard and van Meeteren 2014) and the extensive literature correlating a decrease in stomatal size with increased water use efficiency in many species.We were impressed by the significant technical advance presented in the form of automated stomatal counting and suggest more could be made of this aspect of the paper. For example the we suggest inclusion of the term ‘high-throughput’ in the title, and think it would be helpful to include a picture of how the screening system works in the introduction.Further, we found the conclusion that water use efficiency is a polygenic trait very interesting. The implications are important for studies aimed at the improvement of photosynthesis/WUE through conventional breeding or genetic manipulation. We wonder if there are other papers which have already discussed the potential polygenic nature of stomatal traits? Yoo et al. (2011) mentions different genes involved in WUE and stomatal patterning. This kind of paper could have been worth-mentioning in the discussion.The identification of two novel QTL, not otherwise known to influence water use efficiency or to be related to stomatal patterning and regulation was particularly intriguing, and these two genes provide a great starting point for further analysis in future publications.Major commentsWe believe the kinship matrix accounts for relatedness, and is usually called the k model. To account for population structure one could use principal components, combining these two approaches is known as the Q+K model. It would be helpful to include a citation for calculating the kinship matrix as there are multiple methods available. It might also be worth providing QQplots to show whether including population structure is necessary or not for this study.We found the use of a Bonferroni correction in the analysis quite conservative, there are other options such as Benjamini-Hochberg adjusted p-values that could lead to declaring other SNPs as significant. Also, from the GWAS results, there seem to be other SNPs popping up - although, not significant. It might be worth using an alternative to p-values when investigating the possible biological significance of outstanding SNPs on a Manhattan plot - such as selecting the top 10 hits for investigation.Minor comments:Keywords: Consider revisiting, as many of the keywords are already on the title. Additionally, it would be helpful to include terms rather than acronyms which are not familiar to non-experts.Introduction: Would be good to include examples of some of the limitations to automated confocal microscopy approaches to orientate readers.Line 143: (Atwell et al., 2010). This citation doesn't seem to be right. If the author is referring to genomic heritability it could cite de los Campos et al. (2015).Methods: Would like to see further information on the methodology used for carbon isotope discrimination in the main textResults: Might consider using the term ‘genetic-heritability’ rather than ‘pseudo-heritability’Results: Direct comparison with previously reported dC13 values for accessions that have been demonstrated to differing WUE would be helpful.Figure 4: the text on the figure is likely to be too small to see properlyLine 505: “soil composition...” This is a really interesting point about the complexity of environmental effects on plant physiology. It might be helpful to provide some explanation for readers less familiar with soil content. (e.g. water holding content and effect on root structure - e.g.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1721749115)Line 499-500. Repetition of text on 498-499Results: It would be helpful to share where the functional annotation for genes come from. This gene appears to be involved in mRNA decapping. There is only one publication, which found it is involved in PAMP triggered immunity, plants were dwarf in stature. TAIR does not annotate a role in cell differentiation (10.15252/embj.201488645)Discussion: It is interesting to see a comparison with a related species and how the observed pattern is consistent between the two.Data accessibility: This is excellent. Great to see that all data and code will be made available and deposited in a permanent repository!ReferencesAliniaeifard and van Meeteren (2014) J Exp Bot. 65(22): 6529–6542.de los Campos et al. (2015) PLoS Genet 11(5): e1005048. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005048Delgado et al. (2011) Ann Bot.; 107(8): 1247–1258Easlon et al. (2014) Photosynth Res 119: 119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-013-9891-5Monda et al. (2016) Plant Physiol, 170: 1435–1444Muir et al. (2016) Genetics. 2014 Dec; 198(4): 1629–1643.

This is a review of Maekawa et al. bioRxiv 293050; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/352278 posted on June 20, 2018. In this paper, the authors mined the transcriptomes of 50 different accession of wild barley, generating a rich library of natural variants of the MLA immune receptor—a classical nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing (NLR) protein. They grouped the MLA variants in two subfamilies with all receptors known to be effective against the powdery mildew fungus grouping in one subfamily.

Title: Small-molecule targeting of MUSASHI RNA-binding activity in acute myeloid leukemia. Authors: Gerard Minuesa, Steven K Albanese, Arthur Chow, Alexandra Schurer, Sun-Mi Park, Christina Z. Rotsides, James Taggart, Andrea Rizzi, Levi N. Naden, Timothy Chou, Saroj Gourkanti, Daniel Cappel, Maria C Passarelli, Lauren Fairchild, Carolina Adura, Fraser J Glickman, Jessica Schulman, Christopher Famulare, Minal Patel, Joseph K Eibl, Gregory M Ross, Derek S Tan, Christina S Leslie, Thijs Beuming, Yehuda Goldgur, John D Chodera, Michael G Kharas Date of submission to bioRxiv: May 14, 2018 __________________________________________________________________________________ Dear Authors, Thank you for posting your manuscript titled Small-molecule targeting of MUSASHI RNA-binding activity in acute myeloid leukemia as a preprint on bioRxiv! We reviewed this work at our journal club at the Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto. Compiled comments from the attendants are below. To structure the feedback, we used the quick worksheet guidelines published on PREreview. We hope this feedback will be useful to improve the manuscript. Kind regards, PreReview Journal Club  Members, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto__________________________________________________________________________________ What is the main question the study attempts to answer?Can chemical inhibition of Musashi2’s RNA-binding function be used to selectively target myeloid leukemia cells?How does Ro 08-2750 inhibit MSI RNA-binding activity? What is (are) the hypothesis?Small molecule antagonism of the RNA binding domain of MSI2 has therapeutic potential in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. Ro-08-2750 binds at an RNA-interacting site and competitively inhibits RNA binding of MSI2. What techniques/analyses do the researchers adopt to test their hypothesis(es)? The authors use biophysical assays, computational structural biology, cell biology techniques, and an animal model. These methods are all common to preclinical drug development and are appropriate to address the outlined hypothesis and in most cases adequately address the question being asked. Why is this study relevant? Understanding of RNA biology and its importance in human health has expanded greatly in recent years. While proteins with RNA binding domains have been implicated in disease, they are typically thought of as “undruggable” as they often lack defined pockets. MSI2 overexpression is common in AML patients with poor clinical prognosis. This study highlights that (1) RRM domains can be targeted by a small molecule antagonist and (2) that this approach may have therapeutic value in the treatment of AML. Write here any general comments you might have about the research approach. Structural studiesThe structure-activity-relationship was clearly described considering a lack of a co-crystal structure.Given that residues F66, F97 and R100 of MSI2 are also conserved in MSI1, it would have been interesting to see how Ro 08-2750 compares between both proteins. Biophysical AssaysIt would be interesting to see measurements of compound binding to MSI2, for example ITC or thermal shift assays. Cell BiologyThe assays used appeared to be well thought out and provided good evidence for target engagement and therapeutic potential in cellular models of AML. However, given the genetic diversity of AML, it would be informative to include a sentence to describe why MOLM13 and K562 cells were selected for these studies. Write here any specific comment you might have about experimental approaches and methods used in the study.In the discussion the authors state that Ro 08-2750 is the first “selective MSI inhibitor”. MSI2 was compared to SYNCRIP for selectivity; however, given the extensive repertoire of RNA binding domains found in the human genome, we feel that a more extensive characterization is warranted to make a definitive statement. This could be accomplished by either utilizing a biotinylated compound for pulldowns and MS-id or by measuring binding to a panel of RRMs.It would be interesting to see KD/KO studies alongside compound treatment to evaluate to what degree this compound may phenocopy genetic perturbation of MSI2 in AML. In addition, it would also be cool to see how the mutants deficient in Ro binding are functional in cells, which may hint at potential mechanisms of resistance. For the mouse data presented it would be informative to the reader to include both survival and tumour volume data. Additionally, have the authors done any experiments to test the suitability of this compound for in vivo use (ex. What is the PK of Ro?).Additional biophysical assay to measure direct binding of the compound to MSI2’s RRM domain would be informative, ex. ITC or thermal shift assay.Structural studiesWe found that the molecular dynamics analysis greatly complemented the structural data and enabled a thorough description of the potential binding mechanism for the Ro compounds. It would be useful to note whether co-crystallization of MSI2 and Ro was attempted, though the mutagenesis experiments provided evidence of the importance of interactions with F66, R100, and F97. It is unclear why YANK was selected to perform alchemical analysis given that the program has not yet been extensively validated and carries a “Use at your own risk!” warning. It would have been reassuring to see these calculations carried out with a more validated software.Write here any specific comment/note about figures in the paper (this could be related to the way data are displayed and your ability to understand the results just by looking at the figures).Extended figure 7 appears to be mislabeled in text and extended figure 8 is missing.For figure 3d, we felt it would be easier to interpret if annexin V + cells were normalized to the DMSO control.For the RNA-IP experiments, we would suggest that this data be presented as % input, akin to a ChIP experiment.  This would account for any changes in gene expression that may confound the interpretation of this result as well as allow the authors to probe RNAs that should not change in response to compound (ie. negative control) Write here any additional comment you might have (this includes minor concerns such as typos and structure of the manuscript).On line 216: what does “proximal” mean here?Classically, the term inhibitor would be reserved for a compound disrupting an enzymatic activity. Here, antagonist may be a more appropriate term. Any supplementary tables listed in the text should be included for readers/reviewers.