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The concepts of transference and countertransference in medical settings: a modern un...
Luis Armando Centeno-Gándara

Luis Armando Centeno-Gándara

December 16, 2019
Transference and countertransference phenomena are present in every physician–patient interaction. The aim of this text is to present the concepts of transference and countertransference found in daily non-psychiatric clinical practice and some possible interventions addressing these phenomena that could improve the clinician´s work with his or her patients. To render understandable the concepts of transference and countertransference, first the basic psychological concepts from which they emerge will be presented. Modern medicine has been losing its humane aspects and the quality of the physician-patient relationship. Recognition of the phenomena of transference and countertransference could be used to face this dehumanization crisis.
Investigating solvent effects on the magnetic properties of molybdate ions (MoO42−)...
Loïc Halbert
Malgorzata Olejniczak

Loïc Halbert

and 3 more

December 16, 2019
We investigate the ability of mechanical and electronic density functional theory (DFT)-based embedding approaches to describe the solvent effects on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) shielding constants of the ⁹⁵Mo nucleus in the molybdate ion in aqueous solution. From the description obtained from calculations with two- and four-component relativistic Hamiltonians, we find that for such systems spin-orbit coupling effects are clearly important for absolute shielding values, but for relative quantities a scalar relativistic treatment provides a sufficient estimation of the solvent effects. We find that the electronic contributions to the solvent effects are relatively modest yet decisive to provide a more accurate magnetic response of the system, when compared to reference supermolecular calculations. We analyze the errors in the embedding calculations by statistical methods as well as through a real-space representation of NMR shielding densities, which are shown to provide a clear picture of the physical processes at play.
Reflexão de  práticas e  vivências entre a Universidade e Escola a partir do Programa...
Josiane Ap. Gomes Figueiredo
Roberta Ravaglio Gagno

Josiane Ap. Gomes Figueiredo

and 2 more

December 17, 2019
Josiane Ap. Gomes Figueiredo. Professora titular e Coordenadora do Programa de Residência Pedagógica no Curso de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Estadual do Paraná /UNESPAR - Campus de Paranaguá.  Pesquisadora na Formação de Professores e Práticas Pedagógicas no Ensino de Ciências e Biologia, josiane.figueiredo@unespar.edu.br  Roberta Ravaglio Gagno. Professora titular e Coordenadora Institucional do Programa Residência Pedagógica da Universidade Estadual do Paraná - UNESPAR - Campus Curitiba 1. Pesquisadora sobre a Formação de Professores e em Políticas e Gestão de Ensino,  roberta.ravaglio@unespar.edu.br Resumo: A fim de formar professores reflexivos e preparados para atender as exigências de sua atividade profissional almeja-se um aprendizado participativo, correlacionando o conhecimento prático e teórico. O primeiro contato com a docência pode ser realizado por meio do estágio curricular e atualmente através de programas pertencentes à Política Nacional de Formação de Professores do Ministério da Educação como o Programa Institucional de Bolsa de Iniciação à Docência (Pibid) e o de Residência Pedagógica (RP). É importante analisar como foi concretizada a aproximação entre Universidade e Escola na formação de licenciandos do RP desenvolvido no Curso de Licenciatura de Ciências Biológicas da UNESPAR, Campus Paranaguá. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é descrever reflexões sobre a qualidade de ensino, o engajamento de futuros docentes, o feedback dos alunos, os obstáculos dos acadêmicos e a ações que podem tomadas para uma educação de qualidade. Todas as reflexões e apontamentos tratam de um trabalho coletivo no qual os componentes foram elencados nas reuniões realizadas semanalmente e foram sendo paulatinamente discutidos e refletidos entre preceptores, residentes e coordenação. Buscou-se identificar os principais componentes norteadores entre a Universidade e a Escola favorecendo espaços híbridos de formação e aproximação entre a teoria e a prática. Percebe-se que quando tem-se o discurso de educação de qualidade a mesma requer um projeto pedagógico bem estruturado, infraestrutura adequada, metodologias inovadoras, tecnologias de ensino, docentes capacitados e alunos motivados pois mesmo diante de tantas ferramentas inovadoras no campo da educação e em ascendência hoje, o professor ainda encontra muitas dificuldades em sala de aula, principalmente no que diz respeito à motivação dos alunos para a aprendizagem.  Palavras-chave: Professor, Educação, Ensino-aprendizagem.
Plant species diversity alters fine root traits for higher resource uptake capacity
Sai Peng
Han Y. H. Chen

Sai Peng

and 1 more

December 13, 2019
Fine root traits are critical to the plant's capacity and efficiency to uptake water and nutrients. Although plant diversity is decreasing, our understanding of its effects on fine root traits remains elusive. By synthesizing 103 studies, we found that the effects of plant mixtures were highly dependent on species richness in mixtures, stand age, and soil depth. The positive mixture effects on root biomass increased with species richness, soil depth, and mean annual temperature. Plant mixture effects on root length density shifted from negative to positive, from young to older stands, topsoil to deep soils, and warm to cold climates. The mixture effects on specific root length shifted from positive to negative, from two to higher number species mixtures and topsoil to deep soils, and then negative to positive with increasing stand age. Our results demonstrate the profound plasticity of root traits in response to productivity dynamics in plant mixtures.
Impacts of climate change and human activities on the water discharge and sediment lo...
Xing Wei
shuqun cai

Xing Wei

and 2 more

December 13, 2019
In this study, long-term hydro-meteorological data from 1954 to 2018 from the Pearl River basin were used to investigate the impact of climate change and human activities on water discharge (WD) and sediment load (SL). The results revealed that the SL of the Pearl River exhibited a significant increasing trend at a rate of 1.38 × 104 t/yr from 1983 to 1988 and a significant decreasing trend at a rate of −2.24×104 t/yr from 1989 to 2018. WD exhibited a non-significant increasing trend of 0.3416×108 m3/yr during the entire period. The increasing trend of the SL can largely be attributed to exacerbated rocky desertification in the drainage basin, whereas the decreasing trend was mostly caused by an increase in the construction of dams and reservoirs. Mann-Kendall and double mass curve analyses revealed that a significant abrupt downward change occurred in the SL in 1998. However, the construction of dams and reservoirs in the Pearl River basin seems to have little influence on annual WD. The changes in annual WD were mainly caused by variations in precipitation. Although significant long-term changes in SL were detected, inter-annual fluctuations were found to be in good agreement with precipitation and WD data. Furthermore, El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events are often associated with low precipitation, resulting in low WD and SL, indicating that changes in ENSO periodicity could affect the inter-annual periodic variations of WD and SL. Climate change and human activities contributed 63% and 37% to the increases in WD, respectively. The human-activities-induced decreases in SL were 1987 × 104 t/yr in the 1990s, 4143.17 × 104 t/yr in the 2000s, and 5259.83 × 104 t/yr in the 2010s. These results should serve as a reference for better resource management in the Pearl River basin.
Embedded cluster density approximation for systems with nonlocal electron correlation
Chen Huang

Chen Huang

December 13, 2019
Local correlation methods rely on the assumption that electronic correlation is nearsighted. In this work, we develop a method to alleviate this assumption. The first step is to approximately decompose the electron correlation to the nearsighted and farsighted components based on the wavelength decomposition of electron correlation by Langreth and Perdew. The nearsighted component is then calculated using the recently developed embedded cluster density approximation (ECDA) which is a local correlation method formulated in the context of density functional theory. The farsighted component is calculated based on the system’s Kohn-Sham orbitals. The accuracy of this new method depends on the quality of the decomposition. We examined the method’s accuracy by patching the random phase approximation (RPA) correlation energy in a H₂₄ chain in which the electron correlation is highly nonlocal. This new method predicts bond stretching energies, RPA correlation potential, and Kohn-Sham eigenvalues in good agreement with the benchmarks. Our results demonstrate the importance of including the farsighted part of electron correlation for studying systems having nonlocal correlations.
The Nitrogen Hydride Clusters NHn (n=1-5) and their Anions: Structures and Electron A...
Wangjun Bai
Jianzhong Zhu

Wangjun Bai

and 1 more

December 13, 2019
The molecular structures and electron affinities of the NHn/NHn―(n=1-5) species were examined using hybrid Hartree-Fock/density functional theory(DFT). The basis set used in this work was of double-\(\zeta\) plus polarization quality with additional diffuse s- and p-type functions, denoted DZP++. Seven different density functionals (B3LYP, BLYP, BHLYP, BP86, B3P86, BPW91 and B3PW91) were used in this work. The ground state structures of the NHn(n=1-5) were explored in this work. The NH has a X2\(\pi\) ground state, the NH2 has an open C2V(ozone-like) structure. For the NH3, C3V structure is turned to be ground state. The NH4 has D3h structure, and the NH5 has C3V structure. The most reliable adiabatic electron affinities, obtained at the DZP++ B3LYP and BPW91 level of theory, is 0.439(0.445)eV and 0.423(0.430)eV for NH, 0.700(0.714)eV and 0.712(0.725)eV for NH2, -0.818(-0.777)eV and -0.820(-0.780)eV for NH3, 0.168(0.191)eV and 0.123(0.127)eV for NH4, -0.802(-0.778)eV and -0.800(-0.785)eV for NH5. The B3P86 and B3PW91 bond lengths of the NH atom, NH2 molecules and NH3 molecules predicted by this work are in reasonable agreement with the experimental results. The dissociation energies predicted by the BHLYP method are the most reliable. For the vibrational frequencies of nitrogen hydride, the BP86 and BPW91 methods produce good predictions compared with the limited experiments.
Fitting Elephants in the Density Functionals Zoo: Statistical Criteria for the Evalua...
Roberto Peverati

Roberto Peverati

June 12, 2020
Counting parameters has become customary in the density functional theory community as a way to infer the transferability of popular approximations to the exchange–correlation functionals. Recent work in data science, however, has demonstrated that the number of parameters of a fitted model is not related to the complexity of the model itself, nor to its eventual overfitting. Using similar arguments, we show here that it is possible to represent every modern exchange–correlation functional approximation using just one single parameter. This procedure proves the futility of the number of parameters as a measure of transferability. To counteract this shortcoming, we introduce and analyze the performance of three statistical criteria for the evaluation of the transferability of exchange–correlation functionals. The three criteria are called Akaike information criterion (AIC), Vapnik–Chervonenkis criterion (VCC), and cross-validation criterion (CVC) and are used in a preliminary assessment to rank 60 exchange–correlation functional approximations using the ASCDB database of chemical data.
Metodi di monitoraggio dei corsi d'acqua: direttiva europea e italiana    
Alessia Iannillo

Alessia Iannillo

December 12, 2019
In ambito legislativo, a livello internazionale, la norma di riferimento per quanto riguarda i corpi idrici è la direttiva UE (2000/60/EC), nota anche come direttiva quadro sulle acque. Tale norma va ad individuare non solo una nuova metodologia per il monitoraggio ma anche per il miglioramento della qualità delle acque. In tale ambito in Italia vige il decreto legislativo 152/2006 che definisce la salvaguardia di tutte le acque, superficiali, marine e sotterranee che ha sostituito il D. Lgs 152/99. Per fare ciò è molto importante conoscere nel dettaglio la qualità delle acque superficiali e in questo studio analizzato si propone una serie di metodi di monitoraggio sia chimico che fisico. Per raggiungere questo scopo sono stati presi in considerazione diversi casi studio che utilizzano metodi di monitoraggio differenti.
Non-monotonic and distinct temperature responses of soil microbial functional groups...
Zhongkui Luo
Zuoxin Tang

Zhongkui Luo

and 4 more

December 12, 2019
The fate of soil carbon (C) under climatic warming predominantly depends on temperature sensitivity of soil microbial functioning, but it is poorly understood. Using temporal measurements of soil respiration in an incubation experiment with cross-inoculation of microbial communities to contrasting soils, we constrained a microbial-explicit C model to infer temperature responses of two general microbial functional groups: fast-growing r- vs slow-growing K-strategists. We found that the two groups exhibit distinct, non-monotonic temperature responses. Both historical environment, under which the microbial communities were originated, and current environment, under which the microbial communities are colonized/adapted, significantly shape the temperature responses of the two groups. Our findings highlight the importance of combined effects of historical and current environment on microbial decomposition for regulating soil C dynamics under warming. We suggest that distinct, non-monotonic temperature responses of microbial functional groups may cause pronounced feedbacks between soil C dynamics and warming depending on climate-soil-microbe interactions.
Impact of educational package on sexual health knowledge among healthcare workers in...
Ismael Maatouk
Moubadda Assi

Ismael Maatouk

and 1 more

December 12, 2019
Rationale, aims and objectives: In Lebanon, HIV is concentrated among men who have sex with men (MSM). Healthcare workers in testing centers are trained through workshops to gain HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) information and skills. The objective of this report is to evaluate this intervention. Methods: Nine workshops were conducted in 2018. Each workshop was introduced and concluded with a pre and post intervention questionnaire that addressed HIV knowledge, health-risk behaviours, STIs testing. Results: A total of 144 participants were included. HIV knowledge score increased by 37.5% (p<0.05) after the interventions. The areas with the lowest knowledge after the training were the questions about non-sexual HIV transmission, the fluids containing HIV, prevention and treatment of HIV. STIs knowledge score showed a 29.7% increase (p<0.05). Stigma score showed an increase by 11.7% (p>0.05). In all scores, there were differences between urban and rural areas. Conclusion: These findings consolidate the value of these training sessions and highlights the importance of the use of innovative learning approaches. Further efforts and interventions should address stigma and discrimination among service providers to reach better outcomes in Lebanon. A comparison with some of the indicators that exist in previous reports show higher knowledge in healthcare workers compared to MSM community that is served by these healthcare workers. These activities among health care workers are crucial to increase HIV knowledge and reduce high-risk behaviors among key populations.
Employing ONIOM calculations to investigate the abilities of simple and N, B, S-doped...
Hossein Tavakol
Fahimeh Hassani

Hossein Tavakol

and 2 more

December 12, 2019
In this work, geometries, stabilities and electronic properties of carbon monoxide (CO) molecule as an adsorbent on simple carbon nanotube (CNT) and N, B, S-doped carbon nanotubes (NCNT, BCNT and SCNT) with parallel and perpendicular configurations are fully considered using ONIOM, natural bond orbital (NBO), and quantum theory of atom in molecule (QTAIM) calculations. The adsorption energies (Ead) demonstrate that CO molecule could be adsorbed on the surface of the simple carbon nanotube with parallel configuration (CNT-p) and N-doped carbon nanotube with perpendicular configuration (NCNT-d) in exothermic process. QTAIM calculations are showed the close-shell (non-covalent) interactions between CO molecule and CNT or N, B, S-doped CNTs. Also, the energy gap (Eg) values between the highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital are calculated. In accordance to the results of energy gap, simple and N-doped carbon nanotubes could be used as CO-sensors.
Rimozione dei prodotti farmaceutici dalle acque reflue urbani
simone bisogno

simone bisogno

December 12, 2019
Questo lavoro tratta lo studio di un processo grazie al quale è possibile la rimozione dei prodotti farmaceutici dalle acque  reflue urbani. La contaminazione da composti farmaceutici derivanti dagli scarichi degli impianti di trattamento delle acque reflue nei corsi d'acqua oltre ad essere nociva, può causare lo sviluppo di resistenza ai farmaci nelle comunità microbiche acquatiche. Il processo utilizzato è chiamato elettrocoagulazione, durante il quale prevede un trattamento veloce, efficiente e con una produzione molto bassa di scarti facili da smaltire. Le prove sperimentali (in laboratorio) sono state eseguite utilizzando un impianto nel quale avvengono reazioni chimico-fisiche (processo di elettrocoagulazione) avvalendosi di alluminio e acciaio, materiale che con il passare e il mutare del tempo, conserva intatte le proprie qualità. Considerando gli effetti di vari parametri sperimentali, è stato ottenuto un risultato con un’elevata efficienza di rimozione di prodotti farmaceutici.
UNA NUOVA METODOLOGIA PER LA VALUTAZIONE AMBIENTALE STRATEGICA             
Noemi Cennamo

Noemi Cennamo

December 11, 2019
La Valutazione Ambientale Strategica (VAS) è una delle procedure indirizzate alla valutazione ambientale e riguarda piani e programmi che possono produrre effetti significativi sull’ambiente e sul patrimonio culturale. Una delle principali criticità che caratterizza tale procedura è il coinvolgimento del pubblico. A differenza della Valutazione di Impatto Ambientale (VIA), la VAS non possiede una procedura che sia condivisa a livello nazionale e internazionale. Nel presente lavoro dunque, viene prima descritta nel dettaglio la procedura (secondo la legislazione italiana ed europea) in tutti i suoi punti salienti, poi mostrato un elenco di ulteriori metodi che possono essere applicati. Infine è riportata la descrizione di un nuovo metodo, innovativo, dinamico e oggettivo per la VAS, basato su un’analisi multicriteriale matriciale.
Il “naso  elettronico” per fiutare i cattivi odori ambientali           
Maddalena Gargione

Maddalena Gargione

December 11, 2019
Gli odori indotti dagli impianti di ingegneria sanitaria ambientale sono ritenuti la causa principale di disturbo che la popolazione residente nelle vicinanze avverte. Ai cattivi odori si associano spesso condizioni di “nocività dell’aria”, infatti è possibile notare che una lunga esposizione possa comportare degli effetti negativi. In tale contesto di “sfiducia” da parte dell’immaginario collettivo assume un ruolo di importanza fondamentale il problema del monitoraggio delle emissioni di odore. Ed è proprio in questo ambito che trovano spazio i cosiddetti “nasi elettronici”, degli strumenti in grado di memorizzare uno specifico odore che riescono ad offrire il vantaggio di effettuare delle misure in continuo rispetto ad altre tecnologie adoperate. Nel seguito verrà esposta una tecnica che si concentra sulla diffusione del campione volatile (odore) con il fine di massimizzare il contatto con i sensori.
Hedonic eating level and depression level in obese individuals
DERYA atik
adile neşe

DERYA atik

and 1 more

December 11, 2019
Rationale, aims and objectivesObesity, hedonic eating habits and depression are significantly influential conditions on each other. In our study, we aimed to determine the level of hedonic eating, depression and related socio-demographic and clinical characteristics in obese patients.MethodsThis is a prospective, descriptive, cross-sectional study. In the research, data was collected by using Personal Information Form, Beck Depression Inventory, Hedonistic Eating Scale.ResultsThe mean score of Hedonic Eating Scale was 47.97 ± 9.85 and the mean score of Beck Depression Inventory was 15.08 ± 7.13. There was not statistically significant, hedonic eating level decreased as the depression level increased (p ≥0.05). According to these results; non-smokers, those living in the city and in the village, those living only with their spouses were found to have higher levels of hedonic eating. Depression levels were found to be higher in patients with poor economic perception (p≤0.05).ConclusionsOur study result; showed that obese individuals tend to eat although they do not relieve themselves or to cope with stress, and depression order decreases as hedonistic eating behavior increases.
UTS PHD RESEARCH PROJECT PLAN
Marcos Canales Piccolo
Juan Carlos Castilla-Rho

Marcos Canales Piccolo

and 1 more

December 11, 2019
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Performance evaluation of ultrasonic transducer in a mist bioreactor by different nut...
Ali Fadavi
Ali Mansouri

Ali Fadavi

and 1 more

December 11, 2019
The mist bioreactor has been shown to have a higher performance relative to the liquid phase reactor. To evaluate the performance of the misting system, water and conventional media (MS, ½ MS, and B5) were tested in mist bioreactor. The physicochemical properties of liquids at fresh state (zero treated time) and when treated for 1, and 2 hours was measured. At a given airflow rate, the misting rate for different height of various media was determined. The results demonstrated that the electrical conductivity of all media increased with the duration of sonication. The ultrasonic effect caused an increase in surface tension of MS and ½ MS, while the pH of MS and ½ MS reduced with ultrasonic treatment. The inverse trends were observed for water and B5 for these properties. The misting rate increased by increasing liquid height to a maximum value, then decreased to a minimum value at the highest height. For all liquids studied in this experiment, this maximum value of misting performed at height ranged between 3 to 4 centimeters. The maximum and minimum values of the ultrasonic misting rate was belonged to MS (2.78×10^(-2) gr/s) at height 3 centimeters and B5 (0.52×10^(-2) gr/s) at height 1 centimeters, respectively.
Induction of proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids and pigments in three microalgae u...
Serena Lima
Peter Schulze

Serena Lima

and 10 more

December 11, 2019
Microalgae use light to produce biomass and high value bio-compounds that are used as supplements in foods and feeds. They are commonly cultivated outdoors where organisms capture energy from sunlight. However, production at high latitudes require artificial light sources such as light emitting diodes (LEDs), to complement or entirely replace sunlight. LEDs can be tailored to emit repeatedly pulses of photons (so-called flashing light), which can stimulate growth or induce the biosynthesis of high value biomolecules. Here, we assessed the effects of flashing light (f = 5, 50 and 500 Hz; duty cycle = 0.05) on growth and biochemical composition of Nannochloropsis gaditana, Koliella antarctica and Tetraselmis chui strains. At low flashing light frequencies (e.g., f= 5 and 50 Hz), a strain-dependent growth inhibition and an accumulation of protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), chlorophyll and carotenoids (lutein, -carotene, violaxanthin and neoxanthin) were observed. In addition, a short-term 4-day application of flashing light to concentrated cultures increased productivities of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and specific carotenoids up to two to three times compared to continuous light. In conclusion, protein, PUFA or pigment productivities of microalgae can be maximised by applying low-frequency flashing light at exponential or late growth stages.
Review for: Avaliação de texto e formação  docente: reflexões teóricas e metodológica...
Michel Kobelinski
Roberta Ravaglio Gagno

Michel Kobelinski

and 1 more

December 13, 2019
Resumo: Este é um Grupo de Revisores de pré-impressão da Revista Ensino & Pesquisa  sobre o artigo Avaliação de texto e formação docente: reflexões teóricas e metodológicas, de Daniela Zimmermann Machado \cite{authorea}. A Pré-impressão foi originalmente publicada no referido repositório em 12 de dezembro de 2019 (DOI https://doi.org/xxxxxxx). A autora revisou seu artigo, fazendo alterações, tendo em vista seu encaminhamento para publicação na revista Ensino & Pesquisa \cite{pesquisa}.  Cara autora, gradecemos o envio do seu artigo para o nosso repositório Preprint. Depois de analisarmos suas reflexões escrevemos um parecer conjunto, que segue logo abaixo.1)  O  artigo intitulado "Avaliação de texto e formação docente: reflexões teóricas e metodológicas" apresenta um excelente potencial de discussão. Atualmente vivemos um momento delicado no que tange a formação não só dos alunos da Educação Básica, mas também dos alunos do Ensino Superior com a aprovação da Base Nacional para a Formação de Professores e a implantação da BNCC nas escolas. Programas como o PIBID e o Residência Pedagógica são necessários para desvelar questões importantes e conhecer a prática de acordo com a realidade vivenciada por estudantes de todos os níveis de ensino. Quando você afirma no início do artigo que o texto não poderia ser uma preocupação apenas de professores de língua portuguesa “pois a prática de escrita está relacionada às práticas sociais que devem ser trabalhadas nas diversas áreas do conhecimento, garantindo aos estudantes ampla autonomia de escrita” e que estas questões estão relacionadas a avaliação no âmbito educacional reflete a preocupação da educação no momento atual. As políticas alinhadas ao Banco Mundial como em seu documento Professores Excelentes – como melhorar a aprendizagem dos estudantes da América Latina e Caribe e programas de governo como Pátria Educadora, Educação em Prática e Ensino Brasil que reduz o julgamento do trabalho docente ao desempenho dos estudantes nas provas em larga escala. Sabemos que a avaliação é uma ferramenta muito além dessas questões, como você bem ressalta em seu texto, demonstrando a importância do acompanhamento contínuo e não finalizador desta. Muitas dessas políticas abrem a possibilidade para o envolvimento de fundações, entidades governamentais e órgãos de consultoria que apregoam uma formação docente aligeirada e alienada, o que vem contra as questões trabalhadas em programas como o PIBID, por exemplo. Diante do exposto, sugiro a publicação do texto. Eis o parecer. Agradeço a oportunidade de discutir seu projeto de pesquisa e esperamos que os comentários acima possam ajuda-la no desenvolvimento de seu projeto. 2)  O artigo em tela tem como objetivo a avaliação de textos escolares de alunos da Educação Básica, tendo como abordagem a perspectiva interacionista-sociocognitiva, com enfoque teórico-metodológico-narrativo sustentado na análise discursiva, de composição textual e da aplicação gramatical. E, de fato, como a autora argumenta,  a avaliação também diz respeito à formação de alunos no Ensino Superior. A produção de textos e de sua reescrita é encarada como um processo. Neste sentido, as reflexões de Machado se inclinaram para as experiências do Programa Institucional de Bolsa de Iniciação à Docência na UNESPAR (2019), na área de Letras Português-Inglês /Letras Português, cujo objetivo é “fomentar a iniciação à docência contribuindo para o aperfeiçoamento da formação de docentes em nível superior”\cite{unespar}.   No processo formativo, a noção de letramento é fundamental ao ensino, uma vez que envolveu a atuação de sujeitos em sociedade a partir de leitura literária e produção escrita. É extremamente relevante sublinhar que a problematização surgiu a partir das experiências em sala de aula: “como deve ser elaborada a atividade de produção de textos?”, “como devemos corrigir os textos dos alunos?”, “o que deve ser considerado quando se avalia um texto?”, “que critérios podem ser mobilizados em uma avaliação de modo que ela contribua para uma escrita efetiva?” e “o que é, afinal, avaliar um texto?” O artigo poderia ter mais lastro se o processo formativo considerasse o olhar dos aprendentes, além daquele dos docentes e acadêmicos. Para termos exemplos valiosos dos resultados obtidos em sala de aula é fundamental pensarmos e atuarmos de forma adequada na formação dos alunos de graduação, incentivando as boas práticas em pesquisa \cite{nacional}. De todo modo, o objetivo  do artigo é outro e isto não interfere  em seu  mérito  ou teor.  Não há dúvida de que a formação de alunos da Educação Básica e, por consequência, dos alunos do Ensino Fundamental e Superior na última década é dramática e ao mesmo tempo polêmica. Indícios desta tragédia na educação brasileira podem ser vistos nos dados coletados pelo Programa Internacional de Avaliação de Estudantes \cite{pisa}.  Os dados apresentados para o período entre 2015 e 2018 não mudaram significativamente \cite{michel2019}: se em 2015 - em leitura, por exemplo - ocupávamos o 61º lugar entre 72 países participantes, em  2019,  ocupamos o 57º lugar, entre 79 países. Quanto aos níveis de proficiência em leitura, a  resolução de um problema a partir de uma postagem na internet, a fim de verificar como os alunos resolviam problemas e faziam inferências é reveladora. Os índices são os mais elementares em comparação com os demais países (Figura 1): "Some 15 % of students, on average across OECD countries, displayed proficiency at Level 1a but no higher, meaning that they could solve tasks at Level 1a but not those considered to be more difficult; another 7.7 % of students did not even attain Level 1a. In 16 education systems – Albania, Baku (Azerbaijan), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Colombia, Georgia, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Morocco, Panama, Peru, Qatar and Thailand – Level 1a was the modal level, or the level at which the largest proportion of stud ents scored (Figure I.5.1)."
Avaliação de texto e formação  docente: reflexões teóricas e metodológicas
Daniela Zimmermann Machado
Michel Kobelinski

Daniela Zimmermann Machado

and 2 more

December 13, 2019
Daniela Zimmermann Machado, Mestre e Doutora em Estudos Linguísticos pela Universidade Federal do Paraná, UFPR, Pós-Doutora em Linguística pela Universidade de Orléans, França, realiza pesquisas concentradas na área de Linguística do Texto, especialmente, sobre as estratégias de referencicação. Interesses na área da textualidade, da escrita e do ensino, daniela.machado@unespar.edu.br  Resumo: Neste artigo, pretende-se abordar a temática da avaliação de textos em contexto escolar, procurando discutir a partir de um ponto de vista teórico, descritivo e metodológico acerca dos critérios de avaliação de textos e de como esses critérios podem contribuir para a reflexão sobre o trabalho com a produção textual. Fundamentamos nossa pesquisa nos pressupostos de \citet{c2015} que defende a avaliação de textos a partir dos seguintes critérios de análise: o critério discursivo, o critério de composicionalidade textual (as sequências textuais, \citet{m2008}) e, por último, o critério gramatical. A avaliação de sala de aula  é parte da reflexão sobre a prática docente, e, nesta pesquisa, segue-se a perspectiva interacionista e sociocognitiva para com o trabalho da produção e avaliação de textos. Com base na abordagem interacionista, o trabalho com a escrita deve ser processual, o que envolve a reescrita de textos. Este estudo fundamenta-se a partir das discussões de \citet{c2015}, sobre a avaliação de textos na escola, de  \citet{j2004a}  de  \citet{j2004a} sobre a noção de gêneros textuais e ensino, de \citet{c2002} no que diz respeito ao trabalho de reescrita e da autonomia da produção textual. Os resultados apontam encaminhamentos sobre o trabalho com o texto, considerando a experiência do PIBID - Letras, ano 2019.Palavras-chave: avaliação de textos, formação docente, escrita, reescrita, processo.Text evaluation and teacher training: theoretical and methodological reflections  Abstract: In this article, we intend to approach the text evaluation theme in the school context, trying to discuss, from the theoretical, descriptive and methodological point of view, the text evaluation criteria and how these criteria can contribute to the reflection. We base our research on the assumptions of \citet{c2015} who defend the evaluation of texts from the following analysis criteria: the discursive criterion, the textual compositionality criterion (the textual sequences, \citet{m2008}) and, finally, the grammatical criterion. The evaluation in the classroom is part of the reflection on the teaching practice and, in this research, follows the interactionist and sociocognitive perspective in relation to the work of production and evaluation of texts. Based on the interactionist approach, the writing work must be procedural, which involves the rewriting of texts. This study is based on the discussions of  \citet{c2015} on text evaluation at school,   \citet{j2004a} on the notion of textual genres and teaching and \citet{c2002} on the rewriting work and the autonomy of textual production. The results indicate references about the work with the text, considering the experience with PIBID - Letras, year 2019.
Soil legacies mediated by plant community traits steer grassland vegetation
Robin Heinen
Emilia Hannula

Robin Heinen

and 8 more

December 10, 2019
Plant-soil feedback is commonly pointed out as driver of plant community dynamics and species co-existence. However, experimental evidence for soil legacy effects of conditioning plant communities on responding plant communities under natural conditions is lacking. We conditioned 192 grassland plots with plant communities with different ratios of grasses and forbs and fast and slow-growing plants. Soil microbial legacies were most evident for soil fungi. Soil abiotic parameters did not change in response to conditioning. The soil legacies affected the composition of the succeeding vegetation. Plant communities of a specific functional type caused negative feedbacks on succeeding plants when they belonged to the same functional type. Richness, relative species cover and belowground biomass of the responding vegetation were all influenced by the growth rate of the conditioning community. We conclude that plant-soil feedbacks play an important role in vegetation assembly of natural communities.
Investigation of the importance and achievability of early clinical exposure goals (E...
Samaneh Sarvghad Moghadam
Leila Bazrafkan

Samaneh Sarvghad Moghadam

and 2 more

December 10, 2019
background: Early clinical exposure could enhance students’ learning in the emotional and cognitive domains, socialization with the profession, and the development of professional personality and professionalism. It can also provide a suitable opportunity for future career recognition by creating a more appropriate image of the medical profession. Therefore, the present paper aims at investigating the importance and achievability of early clinical exposure goals from the viewpoints of basic sciences medical students and its comparison with their academic performance. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 100 medical students were admitted to the hospital after 34 hours of workshop training on professional principles during the first two semesters. They experienced and practiced their lessons learned in the clinical context. The data collection instrument of the study was the ECE Questionnaire. Its face and content validity were confirmed and reliability was calculated to be 0.926 through Cronbach’s alpha. Results: In 93 studied students with the mean age of 21.34±1.363, the mean score of the importance scale of objectives was 99.31±8.59, and the achievability scale was 81.62±13.75, which indicates that despite the high importance of the objectives of the program for students, achieving those objectives is not easy. Also, the educational importance of the objectives of the course and the achievability of the objectives had a significant statistical relationship with the academic performance of students and had no significant statistical relationship with gender and age. Conclusions: The students held the importance and achievability of the objectives of the ECE program in high regard. More successful students take the importance and achievability of the objectives of the ECE as significantly more important. Despite the high importance of the objectives set out, achieving these objectives is not easy, and this part of the program requires more educational planning and design.
Publishing your work: An editor’s perspective
Mathew Mercuri

Mathew Mercuri

December 10, 2019
Academic journal publication is the currency of University faculty. It can go without saying that publications play an important role in securing an academic appointment and research grants, achieving promotion within the University, and more importantly, advancing knowledge, which is to me the primary purpose of any academic pursuit. Despite its importance, academics seem to receive little or no formal training in how to prepare a manuscript for publication or how to respond to reviewer criticism1. Quite often, such skills are acquired through mentorship during graduate training. Unfortunately, it is often the case that graduate students do not produce enough manuscripts during their training to develop expertise in how to translate completed research or scholarship into a published report. As an editor, I often see manuscripts that are diminished by how they are written, which often causes confusion in the reviewer, resulting in a recommendation for rejection. I do not profess to be an expert on writing for an academic audience. I have no idea exactly how I learned to get my work published (I assume it was through practice and good mentorship), nor do I have any idea if I am skilled at it – I am left to assume my level of expertise from my successes and failures. However, from reading several manuscripts each day, I have picked up on some common errors and have developed an appreciation for what editors and reviewers expect in a published manuscript. In what follows, I present a bit of what I have learned in my, albeit it short, time as an editor.2
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