A mesophase of Al2OC was first determined in the AlN powder synthesized in batch quantities via a carbothermal reduction nitridation (CRN) process. The formation mechanism of the mesophase was described. Finally, the CRN process parameters were optimized to eliminate the mesophase in the AlN powder. The results show that as an incomplete reduction product of Al2O3, Al2OC has a highly similar crystal structure to AlN. The formation of Al2OC depends on the PN2 and PCO in the synthetic furnace. At the conditions of T = 1700 °C, PN2 = 10-5 kPa, and PCO = 10-0.008-100.973 kPa, the formation of Al2OC is thermodynamically favorable. By increasing the flow rate of N2 in the synthetic furnace, the formed Al2OC was unstable and decomposed into AlN. Hence, the C and O contents of the AlN powder synthesized in batch quantities were greatly reduced. It can significantly improve the performance of the AlN ceramics.

A self-wiping co-rotating twin-screw extruder (TSE) is operated in a starved state where the screws are partially filled with resin. Understanding resin distribution on the screw surface is essential for the design, operation, and maintenance of the twin-screw extrusion process. In this study, the circumferential and axial distribution of pressure, temperature, and resin in a TSE are calculated using a novel method combining the mathematical formulation of Hele–Shaw flow, the finite element method, and a newly developed down-wind pressure update scheme. The experimental results were in good agreement with the measured results. This calculation method enables us to visualize, in detail, the resin distribution, pressure, and temperature for the entire axial and circumferential direction over the TSE.

In the biopharmaceutical industry, Raman spectroscopy is now a proven PAT tool that enables in-line simultaneous monitoring of several CPPs and CQAs in real-time. However, as Raman monitoring requires multivariate modeling, variabilities unknown by models can impact the monitoring prediction accuracy. With the widespread use of Raman PAT tools, it is necessary to fix instrumental variability impacts, encountered for instance during a device replacement. In this work, we investigated the impact of instrumental variability between probes inside a multi-channel analyzer and between two analyzers, and explored solutions to correct them on model prediction errors in cell cultures. We found that the Kennard Stone Piecewise Direct Standardization (KS PDS) method enables to lower model prediction errors and that only one batch with the unknown device in the calibration dataset was sufficient to correct the prediction gap induced by instrumental variability. As a matter of fact, during device replacement a first cell culture monitoring can be performed with the KS PDS method. Then, the new data obtained can be inserted in the calibration dataset to integrate instrumental variability in the chemometric model. This methodology provides good multivariate calibration model prediction errors throughout the instrumental changes.

This paper presents a spectral shape proxy stems from geometric mean consisting of spectral ordinates at the structure’s first mode period to that of much larger period. The proposed model denoted by α_geo is normalized by spectral ordinate at 2T_1 for reducing dispersion and scaling level problem. Another arithmetic mean model, α_Ar, is also developed to be used for comparison purpose of the geometric mean model. The 26 RC-SMF structures and 78 far-field ground motions are selected to evaluate the performance of the model as a case study. IDA method is used to calculate collapse capacities of the selected structures. Series of linear relationship are developed among the model values and corresponding structures’ collapse capacities demonstrating strong coefficient of determinations (R^2). Performances of the presented models “efficiency” and “sufficiency” aspects are shown to be as strong as those of recently proposed predictor, SaRatio, while benefits from simplicity. Utilization of the proposed model are: as an element of vector valued IM, as a collapse capacity predictor for structures at far-source sites, collapse margin ratio for collapse safety evaluation of structures.

The effectiveness of HINT is first verified by the application to a case study investigated for minimum area target, and then applied to a crude distillation unit (CDU) after obtaining a satisfactory solution which was within 1 percent when compared with existing solution for minimum area target. The HINT package accomplished the maximum heat recovery between the hot streams and the cold streams and later identified the utility required for the heat balance in the heat exchanger networks (HENs). Pinch analysis of the CDU plant showed that both hot and cold utilities are still needed after the maximum energy recovery between all the hot streams and all the cold streams present in the HENs synthesized. The total hot utility required was found to be 4.99 x 108 kJ/hr while that of cold utility was 5.08 x 108 kJ/hr. The ∆Tmin that gives the minimum total annual cost was found to be 2.95K and the corresponding total annualized cost was $4.88 million/yr. The findings also revealed that HINT is capable of returning solutions that are comparable with those of mathematical based techniques such as the nonlinear programming (NLP) technique used as a basis for comparison.

Key generation for data security is an important feature in cloud environment. Designing key from extracted feature is used to overcome the problem of vulnerable and mathematical attack. Our proposed work is concentrate on some of the features of Grey Level Co –occurrence Matrix(GLCM) co-relation, entropy, Angular second Moment(ASM) and Inverse Differential Moment(IDM) .Using these features Comparative analysis on GLCM Algorithm features of Quick Response (QR)image is made with existing different image such as iris , cartoon and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) image features produced by GLCM. We came to know that GLCM can extract the feature under single direction and single scale.

The paper introduces new approaches to generate summaries. Summaries are generated by detecting different topics (clusters of sentences) in a document, building summary sentences for each topic, and adding them to the summary. It allows summaries to reflect different ideas from the document. Different clusters in a document are identified by finding cliques in a sentence similarity graph. Selecting representative sentences from the clusters could be done in two ways. The first way is to use Multi-Sentence Compression method for each cluster to generate a compression sentence that reflects the main idea in the cluster (abstractive cliques method). All generated compression sentences are used to build a final abstractive summary. The second way is to extract one sentence from each cluster that is the most similar to sentences in the cluster. This results in an extractive summarization (extractive cliques method). By picking representative sentence for each cluster we reduce potential redundant information in the summary and decrease the chances of missing some important ideas from the text. The approaches are tested on DUC 2004 (Task 3 and 4) data set which contain news documents. ROUGE Perl toolkit is used to compare automatically produced summaries against a set of reference summaries from the data sets. Results show that both approaches perform better than Lex-Rank. Extractive cliques method performs slightly better than abstractive cliques method.

Seasonal suspended sediment transfer in glaciated catchments is responsive to meteorological, geomorphological, and glacio-fluvial conditions, and thus is a useful indicator of environmental system dynamics. Knowledge of multifaceted fluvial sediment-transfer processes is limited in the Arctic–a region sensitive to contemporary environmental change. For two glaciated sub-catchments at Lake Peters, northeast Brooks Range, Alaska, we conducted a two-year endeavor to monitor the hydrology and meteorology, and used the data to derive multiple-regression models of suspended sediment load. Statistical selection of the best models shows that incorporating meteorological or temporal explanatory variables improves performances of turbidity- and discharge-based sediment models. The resulting modeled specific suspended sediment yields to Lake Peters are: 33 (20-60) Mg km-2 yr-1 in 2015, and 79 (50-140) Mg km-2 yr-1 in 2016 (95% confidence band estimates). In contrast to previous studies in Arctic Alaska, fluvial suspended sediment transfer to Lake Peters was primarily influenced by rainfall, and secondarily influenced by temperature-driven melt processes associated with clockwise diurnal hysteresis. Despite different sub-catchment glacier coverage, specific yields were the same order of magnitude from the two primary inflows to Lake Peters, which are Carnivore Creek (128 km2; 10% glacier coverage) and Chamberlin Creek (8 km2; 23% glacier coverage). Seasonal to longer term sediment exhaustion and/or contrasting glacier dynamics may explain the lower than expected relative specific sediment yield from the more heavily glacierized Chamberlin Creek catchment. Absolute suspended sediment yield (Mg yr-1) from Carnivore Creek to Lake Peters was 28 times greater than from Chamberlin Creek, which we attribute to catchment size and sediment supply differences. Our results are useful for predicting changes in fluvial sediment transport in glaciated Arctic catchments.

A combined experimental work and molecular electron density theory (MEDT) analysis was performed to reveal the strict click of 1,2,3-triazole derivatives by Ag(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (AgAAC) reaction and its corresponding mechanistic pathway. Such straightforward protocol for the click formation of 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles makes use of AgCl as catalyst in water as solvent under ambient conditions., with excellent yields and simple experimental work-up. MEDT study was performed by using DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) (LANL2DZ for Ag) level in order to understand the observed regioselectivity in AgAAC reactions, and to delineate the number of silver(I) species and their roles in this clickable 1,2,3-triazole formation. The comparison of the mononuclear Ag(I)-acetylide and binuclear Ag(I)-acetylide in the AgAAC reaction paths concerning the AgAAC reactions, shows that the values of the energy barriers for the binuclear processes are smaller than that of the mononuclear one. The intramolecular nature of these AgAAC reactions accounts for the regioselective formation of the 1,4-regiosisomeric triazole derivatives. The ionic nature of the starting metallated species is revealed for the first time, ruling out any covalent interaction involving the silver(I) complexes throughout the reaction as supported by the ELF topological analysis of the electronic structure of the stationary points, reaffirming the zw-type mechanism of the AgAAC reactions.

Functional traits are becoming more common in the analysis of marine zooplankton community dynamics associated with environmental change. We use zooplankton groups with common functional properties to assess long-term trends in the zooplankton caused by certain environmental conditions in a highly eutrophicated gulf. Time series of zooplankton traits were collected since 1960 in the Gulf of Riga, Baltic Sea and were analysed using general additive model, principal component analysis, and multivariate model. One of the most significant changes was the considerable increase in the amount of the zooplankton functional groups (FGR) in coastal springtime communities, and dominance shifts from more complex to simpler organism groups – cladocerans and rotifers. The results also show that the functional trait organism complexity (body size) decreased considerably due to cladoceran and rotifer increase following elevated water temperature. Salinity and oxygen had negligible effects on the zooplankton community.

In un mondo in cui il consumo di risorse è sempre più insostenibile, utilizzare energia da fonti rinnovabili è diventata una delle principali sfide dell’uomo. Allo stesso tempo, il consumo di energia rinnovabile comporta la riduzione di emissioni di inquinanti. Le celle a combustibile microbiche (MFC) offrono nuove opportunità per la produzione sostenibile di energia dalle acque reflue. Il sistema, infatti, utilizzato a valle dell'ormai consolidato processo di trattamento con Bioreattori a Membrana (MBR), si presta come processo per la depurazione delle acque reflue e la contemporanea produzione energetica, dal momento che i sottoprodotti della cella a combustibile microbica sono acqua reflua depurata ed elettricità. Tuttavia, l’impiego di MFC è ancora limitato a causa delle incognite che presentano alcuni parametri delle fasi di processo. I risultati futuri potrebbero essere migliori in quanto non sono stati ancora studiati alcuni aspetti che potrebbero influenzare significativamente l’efficienza del processo.

Abstract—Various Construction materials cause significant losses when subjected to wireless signals along the path of propagation. A change in the signal strength, losses and user experience occur as a result of the complex composition of the materials. This paper is aimed to find out how 2G (1800MHz) signal is affected when subjected to an enclosure dimension (0.24mx0.20mx0.16m), made of 3 species of timber namely; Chlorophoral excels (Iroko), Afzelia Africans (Apa) and Gosswei Lerodendrin balsamic ferum (Agba); a reflective glass and solid reinforced concrete. This paper study focused on, Received Signal Strength (RSS), Upload and Download speed (Mbps) and Jitter (ms). The steps taken involve finding the penetration loss from the RSS with their respective data representation and drawing fact from the represented data. The result of this work presented that, material C has 46.1%×〖10〗^(-2) increase in indoor signal strength, material E has insignificant change in indoor signal strength, material D, B and A has 1.0%×〖10〗^(-2) decrease, 10.2%×〖10〗^(-2) increase and 16.4%×〖10〗^(-2) increase respectively in indoor received signal strength. The result from QOS parameter– Jitter(ms) are compared for both outdoor and indoor, this relatively showed that material B, C and E will provide improved experience to the user. Index Terms—RSS, Jitter, Penetration Loss, Upload speed, Download speed, Packet Loss.

In this study, the CO2 gas absorption process has been investigated modeling in order to find suitable adsorbent, as well as determination of the solubility and mass transfer mechanism. To calculate the solubility of CO2 in a solution of triethanolamine and piperazine, the CPA state equation will be used to predict the properties of the system. The results show that with increasing pressure, the absorption of Co2 in the gas phase increases due to the increase of the CO2 absorption of density gradient. By increasing the temperature, the amount of CO2 absorbed in the adsorbent solution decreases, due to the calorific of the Co2 absorption by the use of an amine absorbent solution. Also, by increasing the concentration of piperazine in the amine absorbent solution, the amount of CO2 absorption increases as a result of increasing the reaction rate of the amine solution with CO2 in the presence of piperazine. The highest overall error rate obtained from the reported data for operating pressure, temperature and piperazine concentrations variable is 7.3%, 7.4% and 4%, which is considered an acceptable error rate, respectively.

The purpose of this paper is to disclose the design techniques and experimental methodologies for the stabilization of X-band phase locked loop (PLL) phase noise performance during random vibration environment. Phase noise performance of PLL based unit under test (UUT) is very prone to disturbance occurred in random vibration profile frequency spectrum. UUT self-resonance plays vital role in occurrence of disturbance in random vibration profile. The stabilization of phase noise performance during dynamic (random vibration) condition is achieved by following methodologies, i.e. vibration-isolator compensation technique, purification tactic of crystal reference of PLL and spatial location analysis for mounting of crystal reference. Spatial analysis helps to filter out UUT self-resonance from frequency spectrum of random vibration profile which ultimately leads to reduction of frequency resonance pickups during random vibration testing.

Many organisms time reproduction to photoperiod, a constant from year to year.  Predicting how anthropogenic change will influence future timing demands greater knowledge of the current role of photoperiod.  We held two closely related bird populations in a common environment. One population is resident; the other winters in sympatry with the resident population but migrates north prior to reproducing. We increased photoperiod gradually and measured preparation for migration and reproduction, using feather stable isotopes to estimate breeding latitude. We predicted population differences in the minimum stimulatory day length to elicit a response (CPP, critical photoperiod) and co-variation between CPP and distance migrated. We found clear population differences in CPP and greater CPP in longer distance migrants. We conclude that current geographic variation in reproductive timing has a genetic or early developmental basis and recommends that future research focus on how anthropogenic changes will interact with CPP to adjust the timing of reproduction and migration.

Web applications have become a backbone for organizations especially in managing information, because running any organization through the classic way makes the process hard. This paper tries to develop a web-based system that helps the supervisors of an electric power generator in handling the problems they face in managing customer information. Through the manual process, the supervisors spend a lot of time and money and despite inefficiency and inaccuracy of paper-work, it is tiresome. The system will be developed with ASP.NET web framework and MySQL open source database management system. Ajax and jQuery library will be utilized for smart searching facility and printing dynamic receipts. It will be easy to use and supports all smart devices because of the help of bootstrap framework. IIS web server and Microsoft Azure cloud virtual machine are used for hosting and running the system. As a result of this system, the supervisors of electric power generator can manage customers' information in a reliable, fast and efficient way and it will save a lot of time and money and they would be able to back-up data easily.

We present a numerical method for simulating 2D flow through a channel with deformable walls. The fluid is assumed to be incompressible and viscous. We consider the highly viscous regime, where fluid dynamics are described by the Stokes equations, and the less viscous regime described by the Navier-Stokes equations. The model is formulated as an immersed boundary problem, with the channel defined by compliant walls that are immersed in a larger computational fluid domain. The channel traverses through the computational domain, and the walls do not form a closed region. When the walls deviate from their equilibrium position, they exert singular forces on the underlying fluid. We compute the numerical solution to the model equations using the immersed interface method, which preserves sharp jumps in the solution and its derivatives. The immersed interface method typically requires a closed immersed interface, a condition that is not met by the present configuration. Thus, a contribution of the present work is the extension of the immersed interface method to immersed boundary problems with open interfaces. Numerical results indicate that this new method converges with second-order accuracy in both space and time, and can sharply capture discontinuities in the fluid solution.

This is a fundamental study addressing the articulation of knowledge from the context of the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0). Industry 4.0 employs embedded systems (e.g., cyber-physical systems) to perform cognitive tasks. These systems cannot work without applying digitized knowledge. As a result, the digitization of knowledge-intensive activities (knowledge acquisition, representation, dissemination, utilization, and management) is critical for Industry 4.0. Before digitizing the knowledge and knowledge-intensive activities, a fundamental question arises: What is knowledge in Industry 4.0? This study answers this question. In doing so, this study first reviews the definitions of knowledge reported in the extant literature of epistemology, engineering design, manufacturing, organization science, information science, and education science. This study then defines that a piece of knowledge consists of three elements, namely, claim, provenance, and inference. Such a definition helps overcome the circularity and ambiguity in the definitions of knowledge reported so far. This definition results in four types of knowledge, namely, definitional, deductive, inductive, and creative knowledge. These types of knowledge are exemplified using some real-life scenarios relevant to engineering design and manufacturing. The exemplified pieces of knowledge are also represented by using knowledge graphs (concept maps) so that the contents can easily be digitized for human and machine learning. The outcomes of this study are the fundamentals based on which more sophisticated methods and tools can be developed to perform the cognitive tasks relevant to Industry 4.0.

The young water fraction (Fyw), the proportion of water younger than 2-3 months, was investigated in soil-, ground- and stream waters in the 0.56 Km2 sub-humid Mediterranean Can Vila catchment. Rain water was sampled at 5-mm rainfall intervals. Mobile soil water and groundwater were sampled fortnightly, using suction lysimeters and two shallow wells, respectively. Stream water was dynamically sampled at variable time intervals (30 minutes to 1 week), depending on flow. A total of 1,529 18O determinations obtained during 58 months were used. The usual hypothesis of rapid evapotranspiration of summer rainfall could not be maintained, leading to discard the use of an “effective precipitation” model. Soil mobile waters had Fyw up to 34%, while in ground and stream were strongly related to water table and discharge variations, respectively. In stream waters, due to the highly skewed flow duration curve, the flow-averaged young water fraction (F*yw) was 22.6%, whereas the time-averaged Fyw was 6.2%. Nevertheless, both F*yw and its exponential discharge sensitivity (Sd) showed relevant changes when different 12-month sampling periods were investigated. The availability of Sd and a detailed flow record allowed us to simulate the young water fraction that would be obtained with a virtual thorough sampling (F**yw). This showed that underestimation of F*yw is associated with missing the sampling of highest discharges and revealed underestimations of F*yw by 25% for the dynamic sampling and 66% for the weekly sampling. These results confirm that the young water fraction and its discharge sensitivity are metrics that depend more on precipitation forcing than on physiographic characteristics, so the comparisons between catchments should be based on mean annual values and inter-annual variability. They also support the dependence of the young water fraction on the sampling rate and show the advantages of flow-weighted F*yw. Water age investigations should be accompanied by the analysis of flow duration curves. In addition, the simulation of F**yw is proposed as a method for checking the adequacy of the sampling rate used.

Abstract Diverse hypotheses exist to explain allergic and autoimmune diseases. There are 3 factors common to most, if not all, of these diseases: 1. Microbial imbalances, microbial triggers and/or infections, 2. Allergy/hypersensitivity to food and/or environmental substances and 3. Stress. The post-hunter-gatherer era microbe hypersensitivity-enhanced colonization/infection (PHMHEC) hypothesis presented here proposes that these factors are part of a phenomenon that involves an extension of the altered microbiota hypothesis, which is the current leading hypothesis to explain the increase in allergic and autoimmune diseases in the last 75 years in association with westernization. The category of post-hunter-gatherer era microbes (PHM), as defined here, includes many microbes that are encountered much more frequently since humans ceased to live as nomadic hunter-gatherers and began living an agricultural or urban lifestyle. The microbial communities (microbiotas) that humans have been exposed to have changed as human activities have changed. It is postulated that the most intense and rapid changes in these microbiotas have occurred in recent decades in association with westernization. Human genetic makeup evolved largely during the 200 million years during which humans and their mammalian ancestors lived as hunter-gatherers or gatherers. It is proposed here that environmental microbes commonly encountered in association with that lifestyle in a pre-agricultural age would be the most coevolved with the human immune system, and thus the immune system would generally respond to these microbes without leading to debilitating chronic disease. In contrast, according to the PHMHEC hypothesis, at least some of the microbes newly encountered or encountered at higher levels during the post-hunter-gatherer era, the PHM, would be more likely to evade the immune system and cause hypersensitivity reactions. A mechanism called hypersensitivity-enhanced colonization/infection (HEC) is postulated to be one means by which low abundance microbes cause disease. Microbes sometimes cause hypersensitivity reactions in a manner that increases their virulence, and these reactions could be enhanced by increased exposure to similar or identical microbes in the environment. Slight differences between antigens of environmental and colonizing microbes could make the colonizing microbes even more difficult for the immune system to effectively target. Multiple secondary opportunistic infections resulting from PHM-induced immunosuppression and/or immune dysregulation could exacerbate disease processes. The long-term colonization/infection of multiple PHM and accompanying hypersensitivity reactions could contribute to physiological and psychological stress and tax the immune system and other systems of the body and be an underlying factor leading to many allergic, autoimmune and related diseases. The united holobiont disease hypothesis, which is analogous to the united airway disease hypothesis, is discussed, as well as the view that the concept of sterile inflammation needs revision and perhaps should be replaced with “inflammation without apparent infection” (IWAI) in light of the potential role of low abundance microbes. The relationship between the PHMHEC hypothesis and other hypotheses is discussed for a variety of diseases, ending with a discussion of implications for research and treatment.Keywords: Autoimmune, Allergy, Hypersensitivity, Microbiota, Hygiene Hypothesis, Cross-Reaction, Occupational Health, Plant-based Diet

In this paper, a highly robust antenna for omnidirectional circular polarized communication in the harsh environment at 2.45 GHz ISM frequency band is proposed based on a transparent structure. Circular polarization has been realized utilizing a combination of two magnetic and electric dipoles. The antenna is covered with a quarter wavelength layer of plexiglass to achieve desired robustness and visible light transparency. Meanwhile, it can integrate with solar cells because of the high transparency of glass to simultaneously propagate signals and harvest energy. The gain and bandwidth of the antenna are 1.7 dBi and 300 MHz, respectively. The antenna's axial ratio is achieved less than 3 dB within the bandwidth showing circular polarization behavior. The proposed compact antenna is numerically and experimentally analyzed and compared together, having a suitable agreement. In another aspect, the structure can give promising openings to enhance the propagating properties, which could generate critical advantages for real-world multifunctional applications.

It is assumed that linear time-invariant (LTI) system input signal samples are updated by a sensor in real time. It is urgent for every new input sample or for small part of new samples to update an ordinary convolution as well. The idea is that well-known convolution sum algorithm, used to calculate output signal, should not be recalculated from the begining with every new input sample. It is necessary just to modify the algorithm, when the new input sample renew the set of previous samples. The recursive algorithm is worked out for such a purpose. Example of recursive computation of the convolution is presented. Conclusion is given.

In this paper I focus on the FDA regulation of medical treatments. As a matter of fact, since the advent of drug regulation in 1962, we have a variety of standards for testing the safety and the efficacy of treatments and products. I want to make explicit the reasons for explaining that variety. Here I argue that medical regulatory schemes are grounded on an implicit socio-political consensus on the risks involved by different medical interventions: the bigger the threat, the stricter the testing standards. Finally, by analysing the concept of risk, I claim that, from the point of view of regulators, innovative drugs might be not very different from medical devices or even surgical procedures, therefore lower testing standards are more defensible than what critics usually think.

Background: Prevention of sudden cardiac death (SCD) has, to date, focused on individuals with advanced heart disease due to the high risk of this population. Yet, the majority of SCD events occur in the general population, in particular those without known heart disease. As cardiovascular testing is generally not recommended in asymptomatic individuals. Our aim was to define the diagnostic gap in the subgroup of a primary care population deemed to be at moderate risk of SCD by a recently developed risk score. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of primary care patients from two large academic institutions and excluded those with coronary artery disease, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation. We calculated the SCD risk score and classified them into low, intermediate and high-risk categories. We evaluated the period prevalence and odds ratio (OR) of echocardiography and stress testing by risk of SCD adjusted for age, gender, race, and ethnicity. Results: We identified 36,885 patients without heart disease from both institutions with a median SCD score of 9% (IQR 3.5-22). The period prevalence of having an echocardiogram was 18% for those in the lowest SCD risk and 36% for those in the highest SCD risk group. The percentage of patients who had a stress test was 18% for those in the lowest SCD risk and 23% for those in the highest SCD risk group. The OR of having any test was 1.09 (1.00-1.18) for those in the intermediate risk category and 1.22 (1.09-1.37) for those in the highest risk category compared to those with the lowest risk. Conclusions: In patients identified to be at moderate risk for SCD in a primary care population, cardiovascular testing occurs in only a third. It is possible that more extensive cardiovascular screening of these patients could detect subclinical disease associated with SCD risk.