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Response to: A commentary on “A Vietnamese human genetic variation database”
Vinh Le
Kien Tran

Vinh Le

and 2 more

March 18, 2020
This letter is a response to the commentary by Jonson & Do (Johnson and Do 2020) on our paper, entitled “A Vietnamese human genetic variation database” (Vinh et al. 2019). The commentators concerned about two issues: Firstly, the relation of Southeast Asian (SEA) and East Asian (EA) groups to African and European groups; Secondly, the history of migration and settlement in Southeast Asia. Our responses will clarify both concerns from the commentators.
Stable isotope and hydrochemistry reveal source and quality of groundwater around Qin...
Dongsheng Li
Buli Cui

Dongsheng Li

and 4 more

March 18, 2020
The integrated use of isotopic and hydrochemical tracers is an effective approach for investigating complex hydrological processes of groundwater. Thorough understanding of recharge and quality of the groundwater is usually a prerequisite for effective groundwater management. This study investigated the water level, stable isotope and hydrochemistry of groundwater around the Qinghai Lake to reveal the recharge sources, hydrochemical evolution and water quality of groundwater. The relative altitudes of groundwater level ranged from -1.27 to 122.91 m with hydraulic gradient ranging from -6.20 to 43.14‰relative to the water level of Qinghai Lake, indicating most of the groundwater was flowing into the lake. Most of the groundwater points lay close to the local meteoric water line, and the slope of Local Evaporation Line of groundwater (LEL: δ2H = 6.08 δ18O-3.01) was lower than the slopes of the LMWL, indicating that the groundwater were recharged primarily from precipitation at different altitude in the basin, though it had undergone varying degrees of evaporation. The hydrochemical analysis showed that the groundwater was mainly freshwater and its hydrochemical type was Ca-Mg-HCO3. The groundwater chemistry was mainly controlled by carbonate dissolution around Qinghai Lake. Furthermore, high TDS and high concentrations of Na+, Mg2+, Cl-, or SO42- in several groundwater were caused by the recharge source of lake water, the recharge source of fissure water, or by the dissolution of evaporite. The main sources of nitrate (NO3-) in groundwater around Qinghai Lake were animal feces and sewage, suggesting that the pollution of groundwater should be paid more attention in animal husbandry areas on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, although the industrial and urbanization rates were relative low on the plateau. The scientific planning and engineering management of livestock manure and wastewater discharge in animal husbandry regions are very necessary to be carried out urgently, which could not only protect water resources for drinking, but also contribute to human health and sustainable development of the ecological environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
The Spatio- Temporal dynamics of Land Use Land Cover Change and its Impact on Soil Er...
Tadele Melese

Tadele Melese

March 18, 2020
Blue Nile basin is one of the hotspots of soil erosion areas in Ethiopia. However, there impact of land use changes on soil erosion is poorly understood in the Tagaw areas. Hence, the objective of the study was to assess the impact of land use land cover changes on soil erosion over the last 31 years. Rainfall, soil, satellite images and topographic data were acquired from field survey and secondary sources. Land use change analysis was conducted using supervised classification based on four different satellite images. In addition, Revised Universal Soil Loss model was used to estimate soil erosion. The study shows the watershed was predominantly covered by farm land (22%), bare land (17.8%), built up (22%), grassland (9.7%), marshland (8.8%), shrub land (12.4%) and forest (6.7%) in 2016. Moreover, the mean annual soil losses of the watershed were 19.3, 22.93 and 26 tons/ha/yr for the 1995, 2006 and 2016 respectively. The total soil losses varied from 0.06-503.56, 0.11-516.67, and0.00-543.5 tons/ha/yr. for the year 1995, 2006 and 2016 respectively. The highest soil loss was found for bare land. The RUSLE model further showed that the highest soil erosion occurred in 2016 whereas the lowest soil erosion was occurred in 1995. Most of the land use changes (36%) occurred on farmland (36.1%), shrub land (-52.4%), built up (50.9%), and bare land areas (31.6%) due to rapid population growth and inappropriate farming practices. To conclude, there is a significant impact of land use land cover change on soil erosion in Tagaw watershed.
Uncommon southwest swells trigger sea urchin disease outbreaks in Eastern Atlantic ar...
José Carlos Hernández
Carlos Sangil

José Carlos Hernández

and 2 more

March 18, 2020
Recurrent sea urchin mass mortality has recently affected eastern Atlantic populations of the barren-forming sea urchin Diadema africanum. This new episode of die-off affords the opportunity to determine common meteorological and oceanographic conditions that may promote disease outbreaks. The population dynamics of this sea urchin species are well known—urchin barrens have persisted for many decades along most of the coastlines off the archipelagos of Madeira, Selvages and the Canary Islands, where they limit macroalgae biomass growth. However, this new and explosive mortality event decimated the sea urchin population by 93% on Tenerife and La Palma Islands. Two severe episodes of southwestern rough sea that lead to winter storms, in February 2010 (Xynthia) and February 2018 (Emma), preceded both mass mortality events. The autumn and winter months of those years were anomalous and characterized by swells with an average wave height above 2 m that hit the south and southwest sides of the islands. The amoeba Paramoeba brachiphila was the only pathogen isolated this time from the moribund and dead sea urchins, suggesting that the amoeba was the primary cause of the mortality. This new sea urchin die-off event supports the “killer-storm” hypothesis that has been already described for western Atlantic coasts. These anomalous southwest storms during winters generate pronounced underwater sediment movement and large-scale vertical mixing, detected in local tide gauge, which may promote paramoebiasis. This study presents valuable insights about climate-mediated changes in disease frequency and its impacts on the future of coastal marine ecosystems in the Atlantic.
The role of introgression and ecotypic parallelism in delineating intra-specific cons...
Rebecca Taylor
Micheline Manseau

Rebecca Taylor

and 5 more

March 18, 2020
Parallel evolution can occur through novel mutations, standing genetic variation, or adaptive introgression. Uncovering parallelism and introgressed populations can complicate management of threatened species, particularly as admixed populations are not generally considered under conservation legislations. We examined high coverage whole-genome sequences of 30 caribou (Rangifer tarandus) from across North America and Greenland, representing divergent intra-specific lineages, to investigate parallelism and levels of introgression contributing to the formation of ecotypes. Caribou are split into four subspecies and 11 extant conservation units, known as Designatable Units (DUs), in Canada. Using genomes from all four subspecies and six DUs, we undertake demographic reconstruction and confirm two previously inferred instances of parallel evolution in the woodland subspecies and uncover an additional instance of parallelism of the eastern migratory ecotype. Detailed investigations reveal introgression in the woodland subspecies, with introgressed regions found spread throughout the genomes encompassing both neutral and functional sites. Our comprehensive investigations using whole genomes highlight the difficulties in unequivocally demonstrating parallelism through adaptive introgression in non-model species with complex demographic histories, with standing variation and introgression both potentially involved. Additionally, the impact of parallelism and introgression on the designation of conservation units has not been widely considered, and the caribou designations will need amending in light of our results. Uncovering and decoupling parallelism and differential patterns of introgression will become prevalent with the availability of comprehensive genomic data from non-model species, and we highlight the need to incorporate this into conservation unit designations.
Mecânica Clássica: Sistemas de Coordenadas e Referenciais
Mario Cezar Bertin

Mario Cezar Bertin

September 24, 2020
Sistemas referenciaisVamos relembrar os dois primeiros postulados:Postulado 1: A posição de uma partícula consiste em um elemento (ou ponto) do espaço euclidiano tridimensional \(\mathbb{R}^3\).Postulado 2: A distância entre duas partículas de posições \(x\equiv\left(x_1,x_2,x_3\right)\) \(y\equiv\left(y_1,y_2,y_3\right)\) é dada pela métrica euclidiana\[\label{metrica}D\left(x,y\right)=\sqrt{\left(y_1-x_1\right)^2+\left(y_2-x_2\right)^2+\left(y_3-x_3\right)^2}.\]Estes dois postulados estabelecem o mapeamento da estrutura física da mecânica clássica na estrutura matemática do espaço cartesiano com a métrica euclidiana. Os espaços euclidianos, em si, possuem estruturas complexas que, ao menos em parte, devemos apreciar. E a escolha da métrica euclidiana, como já dissemos, é uma escolha empírica; parece ser uma propriedade dos sistemas mecânicos que as distâncias sejam calculadas pelo teorema de Pitágoras.Duas são as características de \(\mathbb{R}^3\) que são fundamentais para a mecânica clássica: A geometria euclidiana é homogênea e isotrópica;O espaço \(\mathbb{R}^3\) é, em si, um espaço vetorial.Nesta aula, vamos abordar essas características.Sistemas de coordenadas Em espaços métricos, como no caso do espaço euclidiano, podemos definir sistemas de coordenadas. O exemplo mais simples no caso de  \(\mathbb{R}^3\) é o sistema de coordenadas cartesiano (fig. \ref{146774}), que consiste em uma origem e três eixos cartesianos reais. Cada eixo cartesiano representa uma reta real e cada ponto é representado por uma trinca ordenada de números reais \(\left(x,y,z\right)\). Por vezes também utilizaremos a notação \(\left(x_1,x_2,x_3\right)\). As coordenadas da origem são, naturalmente,  \(\left(0,0,0\right)\) .
Synthesis of Novel Hyperbranched Alkyd Resin from Castor Oil Fatty Amide Polyol and A...
AMARDIP PATIL

AMARDIP PATIL

March 18, 2020
Abstract A novel hyperbranched alkyd resin has been synthesized using pyrometallic anhydride and castor oil based fatty amide polyol. The chemical properties (acid and hydroxyl values) of the synthesized fatty amide polyol and hyperbranched have been determined. The polyurethanes obtained from hyperbranched alkyd resins were used for coating applications on mild steel and wood. The synthesized hyperbranched alkyd resin was characterized by size exclusion chromatography, NMR, and FTIR. Performance of cured polyurethane coatings in terms of cross cut adhesion, impact resistance, gloss, scratch hardness, and chemical resistance has been studied. The electrochemical properties were studied by potentiostat. The thermal properties of the coatings were determined by thermogravemetric analyzer. Surface morphology of coating films was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Keywords: Hyperbranched alkyd resin, castor oil, fatty amide polyol, polyurethane, coating
Optimal Transmission Expansion Planning considering Distributed Generations by using...
Mehrdad Ahmadi Kamarposhti
kabalci

Mehrdad Ahmadi Kamarposhti

and 1 more

December 15, 2020
Reconstructing power systems has changed the traditional planning of power systems and has raised new challenges in transmission expansion planning (TEP). In this paper, investment cost, cost of density and dependability have been considered three objectives of optimization. Also, multi-objective genetic algorithm NSGAII was used to solve this non-convex and mixed integer problem. A fuzzy decision method has been used to choose the final optimal answer from the Pareto solutions obtained from NSGAII. Moreover, to confirm the efficiency of NSGAII multi-objective genetic algorithm in solving TEP problem, the algorithm was implemented in an IEEE 24 bus system and the gained results were compared with previous works in this field.  
Studio e ottimizzazione dei sistemi strumentali automatici (IOMS) per il controllo de...
Rocco Antonio Battaglia

Rocco Antonio Battaglia

April 20, 2020
Gli odori rappresentano uno degli elementi di disturbo maggiormente avvertito dalla popolazione e risultano essere la causa predominante dei conflitti nei confronti delle aziende che li diffondo in area ambiente. Nonostante la maggioranza delle sostanze odoranti non abbia effetti tossici, tali condizioni generano una serie di impatti negativi comportando una modifica dell’equilibrio psicofisico di una persona e influire negativamente sui suoi comportamenti che si concludono con una diminuzione dei valori degli immobili, e della qualità di vita nelle aree interessate. L’attività di tesi ha avuto come obiettivo la ricerca e lo sviluppo dei sistemi innovativi (IOMS), con particolare riferimento alla investigazione ed analisi dell’influenza dei processi di acquisizione ed elaborazione dei dati, con il fine di investigare e confrontare le tecniche di feature extraction principalmente utilizzate nella letteratura tecnico-scientifica di settore.La sfida attuale è la determinazione dei sistemi di monitoraggio degli odori strumentali (IOMS) che consentono la caratterizzazione continua degli odori. Attualmente non esistono regolamenti o procedure standardizzate, e in letteratura sono disponibili dati limitati con riferimento alle caratteristiche e alla procedura operativa di questi sistemi per il monitoraggio degli odori ambientali. I risultati del seguente studio evidenziano l'importanza e la flessibilità degli IOMS proposti nel monitoraggio degli odori, fornendo informazioni accurate e in tempo reale sulla fonte e sulla concentrazione delle emissioni di odori.
Odorant degrading carboxylesterases regulate larva foraging and adult mating in Graph...
Hongshuang Wei
Shuqian Tan

Hongshuang Wei

and 6 more

March 18, 2020
Insect antennal carboxylesterases (CXEs) play key roles in the process of ester odor degradation. In this study, 23 candidate CXEs were identified by transcriptome analysis of Grapholita molesta. The GmolCXE1 and GmolCXE5 were highly expressed in the antennae of adults and significantly up-regulated in the antennae of male moths after exposure with odors from female moths. GmolCXE7, 10, 13, 14 and 20-22 were abundantly expressed in the larval heads. The relative expression of GmolCXE13, 14 and 21 were significantly up-regulated after stimulation with odors from ripe fuji apples and crown pears. RNA interference assays demonstrated that the GmolCXE1, 5 and GmolCXE14, 21 may involve in regulating the adults’ mating and larval foraging respectively. Our study suggested that GmolCXE1 and GmolCXE5 could degrade the sex pheromone component (Z/E)-8-dodecenyl acetate to its product (Z/E)-8-dodecenol with evidence from EAG responses and GC-MS analysis. GmolCXE14, 21 could degrade odorant volatiles (Ethyl butanoate/ ethyl hexanoate) of ripe crown pears by GC-MS analysis. These GmolCXEs mediated foraging and mating would be potential and effective molecular targets to develop behavioral antagonists against larvae and adults of G. molesta.
A layover in Europe: reconstructing the invasion route of asexual lineages of a New Z...
Carina Donne
Maurine Neiman

Carina Donne

and 4 more

July 16, 2020
Non-native species are threatening ecosystems and biodiversity worldwide. High genetic variation is thought to be a critical factor for invasion success. The global invasion of a few clonal lineages of the gastropod Potamopyrgus antipodarum is thus both puzzling and has the potential to help illuminate why some invasions succeed while others fail. Here, we used SNP markers and a geographically broad sampling scheme (N = 1617) including native New Zealand populations and invasive North American and European populations to provide the first widescale population genetic assessment of the relationships between and amongst native and invasive P. antipodarum. We used a combination of traditional and Bayesian molecular analyses to demonstrate that New Zealand populations harbor very high diversity relative to the invasive populations and are the source of the two main European genetic lineages. One of these two European lineages was in turn the source of at least one of the two main North American genetic clusters of invasive P. antipodarum, located in Lake Ontario. The other widespread North American group had a more complex origin that included the other European lineage and two New Zealand clusters. Altogether, our analyses suggest that just a small handful of clonal lineages of P. antipodarum were responsible for invasion across continents. Our findings provide critical information for prevention of additional invasions and control of existing invasive populations and are of broader relevance towards understanding the establishment and evolution of asexual populations and the forces driving biological invasion.
Autoimmune activation of the GnRH receptor induces insulin resistance in a rat model...
Hongliang Li
Gege Zhang

Hongliang Li

and 7 more

March 18, 2020
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a metabolic and reproductive disease, is frequently associated with type 2 diabetes. We previously demonstrated that autoantibodies (AAb) directed toward the second extracellular loop (ECL2) of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) are present in a high percentage of PCOS patients. It is unclear whether GnRHR-AAb can induce peripheral tissue insulin resistance (IR) in animal models. In the present study, we examined the impact of GnRHR-AAb on glucose metabolism, inflammation, and insulin signaling in a recently established autoimmune rat model of PCOS. Sixteen rats were divided into two groups: a GnRHR ECL2 peptide-immunized group, and a control group. Sera GnRHR-AAb, luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone were measured by ELISA. All immunized rats produced elevated anti-GnRHR ECL2 antibody titers and higher concentration of testosterone and LH. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests demonstrated higher blood glucose levels in immunized rats at 30 minutes and 60 minutes. A homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index was also higher. Furthermore, the mRNA expression levels of insulin signaling genes in peripheral tissue were decreased. The concentration of sera TNF-α, IL-1α, and IL-18 were increased, while IL-4 and IL-10 were inhibited in the immunized group. These data support the likelihood of GnRHR-ECL2 AAbs inducing IR in peripheral tissue. GnRHR-ECL2 AAb may alter the synthesis and pulsatile secretion of LH thus leading to hyperandrogenemia, inflammation, and IR. Our studies provide the realistic expectation of new knowledge regarding the etiology of IR in PCOS as well as a pathway for development of novel effective treatment.
Prescription medication use amongst men and women prior and during Assisted Reproduct...
Edmond Rostand
Abigail Sharpe

Edmond Rostand

and 3 more

March 18, 2020
Along with the rising incidence of couples and individuals seeking fertility, there is an increase in the prevalence of comorbid medical conditions requiring prescription drug use. there is limited data available on medication use prior to and during artificial reproductive technology (ART) treatment and the impact these drugs may have on reproductive outcomes. This review analysed available literature on prescription medication use amongst men and women during ART, including antidepressants, anti-hyperglycaemic medications, levothyroxine and proton pump inhibitors. Further research is required to determine the prevalence of prescription drugs used during ART and assist development of standardised and informative clinical guidelines
Severe pneumonia in a critically ill pregnant patient with COVID-19 infection: A case...
Xiaoping Wang
Dongna Wang

Xiaoping Wang

and 9 more

March 18, 2020
Severe pneumonia in a critically ill pregnant patient with COVID-19 infection: A case reportXiaoping Wang1a, Dongna Wang1a, Shuming He1a,*, Ruibin Chi1, Minchang He1, Meibin Shi1,Weidong Li1, Chunxi Chi1, Xiangwen Zhao1, Jianfeng Luo2Affiliated Xiaolan Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 65, Jucheng Road. Zhongshan, 528415, People’s Republic of China.Zhongshan Second People’s Hospital, Muhejing East Road, Gangkou. Zhongshan, 517400, People’s Republic of China.a These authors contributed equally to this work.* Corresponding Author : Shuming He, Affiliated Xiaolan Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 65, Jucheng Road. Zhongshan, 528415, People’s Republic of China. email: 13703036288@139.comAbstract: Here, we report a critical case of maternal COVID-19 infection in the third trimester of pregnancy showing severe outcomes for mother and infant.Keywords. COVID-19, Pregnant woman, Preterm deliveryTweetable abstract COVID-19 infection in pregnancy may cause severe outcomes for mothers and infants. Early detection and initiation of appropriate management are crucial.
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are activated in the gastrointestinal tis...
Sarah Sasson
John Zaunders

Sarah Sasson

and 19 more

March 18, 2020
The aim of this study was to investigate the pathogenesis of combination ipilimumab and nivolumab-associated colitis (IN-COL) by measuring gut-derived and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (GMNC; PBMC) profiles. We studied GMNC and PBMC from patients with IN-COL, IN-treated with no adverse-events (IN-NAE), ulcerative colitis (UC) and healthy volunteers by flow cytometry. In the gastrointestinal-derived cells we found high levels of activated CD8+ T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in IN-COL, changes that were not evident in IN-NAE or UC. UC but not IN-C was associated with a high proportion of regulatory T cells (Treg). We sought to determine if local tissue responses could be measured in peripheral blood. Peripherally, checkpoint-inhibition instigated a rise in activated memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, regardless of colitis. Low circulating MAIT cells at baseline was associated with IN-COL patients, compared with IN-NAE in one of two cohorts. UC but not IN-COL was associated with high levels of circulating plasmablasts. In summary, the alterations in T cell subsets measured in IN-COL-affected tissue, characterised by high levels of activated CD8+ T cells and MAIT cells and a low proportion of Treg, reflected a pathology distinct from UC. These tissue changes differed from the periphery, where T cell activation was a widespread on-treatment effect, and circulating MAIT cell count was low but not reliably predictive of colitis (Figure1).
The ecology of terrestrial eDNA: Its state, transport, and fate on aboveground surfac...
Rafael Valentin
Kathleen Kyle

Rafael Valentin

and 4 more

March 17, 2020
Environmental DNA (eDNA) has become a valuable tool for monitoring species of concern or site biodiversity, including expanded use of surveys designed to detect fully terrestrial species. However, if aboveground terrestrial eDNA surveys are to be widely adopted, it is necessary to first understand how terrestrial conditions affect the state, transport, and ultimate fate (or ‘ecology’) of terrestrially deposited eDNA. Many of the processes that affect eDNA’s state, transport, and fate in aquatic environments may not be applicable in aboveground systems, warranting an exploration of the terrestrial processes that likely do affect eDNA. Here we explore ecology terrestrial eDNA through a series of experiments exploring the optimal filter pore size for eDNA collection, how eDNA is affected by rain events, and its degradation rate under different solar radiation conditions. We found that the capture concentration of intracellular eDNA was not significantly affected by an increase in filter pore size, suggesting there is a wide range of viable pore size options for targeting intracellular eDNA. We also found extracellular eDNA degrades more rapidly than intracellular forms when exposed to solar radiation, indicating the latter is a more viable target for collection. Finally, we identified that rainfall or mist will remove most terrestrial eDNA present on vegetation substrate. This study provides researchers and managers key insights into successfully designing and carrying out terrestrial eDNA surveys that maximize detection probability and reduce production of false positive survey results.
Research proposal  (DRX)
Mahmud Matin

Mahmud Matin

March 18, 2020
Keywords: DRX(Discontinuous Reception), LTE(Long Term Evaluation), CQI(Channel Quality Indicator), UE(User Equipment).
Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCov) do you have enough Intensive Care Units?
Gabriele Melegari
Enrico Giuliani

Gabriele Melegari

and 6 more

March 17, 2020
The study analyzes the Italian Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCov) outbreaks, searching possible predicting model, underlining the risk of the Trend of phenomena.
Don't panic, it is only an emergency
Mathew Mercuri

Mathew Mercuri

March 17, 2020
N/a
The role of coronary artery calcification scoring in primary prevention of cerebrovas...
Ahmad Alkhatib
Ahmed El-Sayed

Ahmed Alkhatib

and 2 more

March 17, 2020
Atherosclerosis is considered a systemic disease, and its presence in any site of the arterial system in the body raises suspicion of its presence somewhere else. Since atherothrombosis represents the most common cause of stroke, it is important to investigate whether coronary artery calcification, a commonly used measure of cardiac atherosclerotic burden, can be a similarly useful measure of atherosclerotic burden in the brain. This review aimed to summarize the current evidence regarding the role of CAC in the detection and prevention of cerebrovascular disease. CAC is an independent risk factor of stroke development, and using it to supplement traditional risk factors may allow better identification of higher-risk groups. Intermediate risk patients with elevated CAC scores can be started on statin therapy. CAC score may hold promise in identifying patient groups most likely to benefit from aspirin therapy. In addition, it may have a role in the identification of stroke patients who may benefit from closer cardiac monitoring as it can aid traditional scores in the detection of coronary pathology in stroke survivors.
Bifurcation and chaos of a density dependent Leslie population model
Guo Feng
Song Xinghao

Guo Feng

and 1 more

March 17, 2020
A discrete-time Leslie model with Hassell growth function for two generations is investigated by qualitative analysis and numerical simulation. Local stability analysis of the system is carried out. Many forms of complex dynamics are observed, including chaotic bands with periodic windows, flip bifurcations, and Hopf bifurcations, attractor crises, and non-unique dynamics (meaning that several attractors coexist). Numerical simulation results not only show the consistence with the theoretical analysis but also display the new and interesting dynamical behaviors, including different periodic orbits in chaotic regions, attracting invariant circle, period-doubling bifurcations from stable equilibriums leading to chaos, interior crisis and boundary crisis. The largest Lyapunov exponents are numerically computed to confirm further the complexity of these dynamic behaviors. The analysis and results in this paper are interesting in mathematics and biology.
Relationship between land use and soil erosion in a typical area in the tableland and...
Jianxiang Zhang
Naiang Wang

Jianxiang Zhang

and 3 more

March 17, 2020
Soil erosion is an important environmental problem that threatens human ecological security and socioeconomic development. Unreasonable land use is one of the main causes of soil erosion. By collecting the topography, climate, soil, vegetation and satellite image data of Dongzhiyuan (DZY) in the tableland and gully region (TGR) of the Loess Plateau (LP), the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and the Chinese Soil Loss Equation (CSLE) models were used to simulate the soil erosion intensity in different periods (1987, 1997, 2007 and 2017). We found that under high rainfall erosivity factor (R), the soil erosion usually be overestimated in the RUSLE model. However, the result has been changed when we use the annual average R.Besides, the model of CSLE based on the RUSLE takes engineering measure factor (E) into account, making the results more reliable. Also, land use change will affect soil erosion. The conversion of urban to farmland and grassland will increase soil erosion, and vice versa. The mutual transfer between farmland and grassland, forest and grassland will cause soil erosion to change in different directions, and the greater of land use change, the more serious soil erosion will be. Nevertheless, we shouldn’t increase the urban land by mountain excavation and gully filling blindly. Otherwise, geological disasters such as landslides and surface subsidence may occur in the near future. This work may enhance our understanding of soil erosion mechanisms in DZY, and provide references for land use planning and soil and water conservation in China’s Loess Plateau.
Mecânica Clássica: Posição e Distância
Mario Cezar Bertin

Mario Cezar Bertin

September 24, 2020
Resumo dos conceitos primitivosVamos relembrar os conceitos primitivos que apresentamos em aulas passadas, para preparar o terreno do que vem a seguir.Primeiro, introduzimos o conceito de partícula clássica, que consiste em um objeto sem dimensões, que não pode ser criado ou destruído, e que possui um conjunto de observáveis associados, ou definidores, como a massa e a carga elétrica. Com a partícula, podemos construir sistemas de partículas, que consistem em conjuntos de partículas com suas características definidoras.No contexto de sistemas de partículas, ou sistemas físicos, introduz-se o conceito de interação e de movimento. Duas partículas em um mesmo sistema, no geral, interagem entre si mudando seus estados de movimento. A interação entre partículas depende dos observáveis intrínsecos às partículas do sistema, como a massa e a carga elétrica, que geram as interações gravitacional e eletromagnética, respectivamente. Estados de movimento necessitam da estrutura matemática para serem devidamente definidos, mas estamos chegando lá.Toda característica de um sistema físico, inclusive as características intrínsecas, é um observável. O observador é um sistema físico munido de um aparato de medida, ou seja, uma forma de se coletar informação sobre um determinado observável do sistema físico alvo. Esta coleta de informações é denominado de medição, enquanto a informação coletada é chamada de medida. Uma medida é um elemento do conjunto de todas as medidas possíveis de serem coletadas sobre determinado observável, o espectro. Considerando-se um espectro relacionado a um observável, uma medição pode filtrar uma única medida, ou um subconjunto de medidas do espectro.O processo de medição consiste na interação entre o observador e o sistema físico, de modo que, em via de regra, os estados de movimento de ambos podem ser alterados. Contudo, definimos uma medida clássica como aquela que perturba minimamente o estado de movimento do sistema, de modo que a interferência da medição é considerada desprezível.Sobre o mapeamento dos conceitos primitivos em estruturas matemáticasPara a construção de uma teoria coerente para a mecânica clássica, vamos nos utilizar da precisão matemática. Esta é a vocação primordial da física: descrever e predizer o comportamento de fenômenos naturais de forma precisa e inequívoca. Um caminho que poderíamos seguir é o de postular, através da observação e experiência, o comportamento dos conceitos primitivos da teoria. Para tanto, precisaríamos incluir outros conceitos e demonstrar seu comportamento matemático. Contudo, nosso ponto de vista será mais simples. A partir dos conceitos já estabelecidos, estabeleceremos um mapa para estruturas matemáticas já existentes. Este mapeamento tem o objetivo primeiro de estabelecer precisamente uma forma de relacionar as partículas, movimento e interações de um sistema.O mapeamento se dá através de postulados, que relacionam conceitos físicos a objetos matemáticos. Definiremos, primeiro, o conceito de posição:Postulado 1: A posição de uma partícula consiste em um elemento (ou ponto) do espaço euclidiano tridimensional \(\mathbb{R}^3\).Neste caso, introduzimos um novo conceito, o de posição, e este conceito está vinculado a uma estrutura matemática, um espaço euclidiano. Assim, em nosso ponto de vista, o conceito de posição é um conceito derivado, necessita da teoria matemática para ser definido.Por outro lado, definir um conceito a partir da estrutura matemática exige que a própria estrutura seja devidamente compreendida e explorada. A teoria matemática cria, neste sentido, um terreno abstrato. É neste terreno que os conceitos primitivos e derivados são posicionados e, assim, a teoria física toma vida própria.Existem, de fato, duas estruturas matemáticas conhecidas como \(\mathbb{R}^3\). A primeira dessas estruturas é uma variedade diferenciável; um espaço de pontos no qual é possível definir curvas suaves. Como veremos, esta propriedade será de importância fundamental para a descrição do movimento. Por outro lado, o espaço euclidiano é também um espaço vetorial. Portanto, a posição de uma partícula clássica também pode ser representada pelos tão conhecidos vetores euclidianos, com todas as suas propriedades. Trataremos dessas propriedades mais adiante.Vamos, primeiro, tratar do espaço \(\mathbb{R}^3\) como uma variedade. O protótipo do espaço euclidiano é a reta real \(\mathbb{R}\), que consiste em uma representação do conjunto dos número reais sobre uma reta (fig \ref{284923}).
Advanced Planning and Designing of Multi-Purpose System of Army Trench Base of Concre...
Vijayvenkatesh Chandrasekaran

Vijayvenkatesh Chandrasekaran

March 17, 2020
This project paper says about advance planning and designing of multi- Purpose system of army trench base of concrete bunkers is assort of most superior of and 24 hours activations functions of a line of controls. It’s the most purposes full planning evaluations of military defense barricades, these designed to prevent the soldier’s in high impact explosions systems. Its the largest part of pre-effective functions can be used and large internal missile and ammunition storages. In our project planning’s is limit state design method is used. It’s highly economical and safe. And planning and high safe design. The design is done by according to IS (456-2000) the structural members are designed using HYSD rods with Fe-500 grade of steel and M-30 grade concrete. Here its followed by the framed rectangular planned structures are made up of the concrete retaining wall and it’s connected to raft foundation. And the required planning area of the plot is (57x22) sq feet. With a space of required capacity of storage ammunition and radar inspection. It’s a structural system, very strong and durable design propose and high lateral impact resistant and safety with invisible appearances.
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