A novel microwave heating flash evaporation system (MWHFES) was carried out to concentrate and distillate sulfuric acid, and this system may overcome the problems that equipment corrosion, product pollution, high energy consumption, long process and lower heat transfer rate in waste sulfuric acid recycle though purification and concentration. The dilute sulfuric acid with mass fraction of 75wt% was used as experimental material, 5 experimental cases was generated to verify the effect of MWHFES under the conditions of different volume, microwave power and depressurization rate. Results shown that the sulfuric acid could be concentrated to mass fraction of 85-95%, and the heating efficiency was among 30% to 80%, heat transfer volume coefficient was among 100 to 500 though the combination of vacuum and microwave heating. Thermal process analysis indicated that the interaction among experimental factors had effect on distillation process. At last, the process optimization and selection were explained briefly.

Vapor recompressed batch distillation (VRBD) is an energy-integrated configuration which works on the principle of a heat pump. Operation of such a column is challenging due to unsteady, nonlinear dynamics and strong interplay between separation and energy efficiency. In this paper, a two-step approach is proposed for optimal operation and control of such a column. Initially, an openloop optimal operation policy is generated for maximization of an overall performance index using offline optimization. To this end, three performance indices are proposed to capture interplay between separation and energy efficiency. Subsequently, a model-based output feedback controller is designed to track this optimal performance trajectory. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated using a benzene-toluene separation case study wherein it is shown that the proposed approach helps to achieve optimal operation in the presence of operational disturbances.

Objective: To explore the relationship between platelet metabolism and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants. Methods: A prosepective case-control study was performed in a cohort of premature infants (born with a gestational age less than 33 weeks and a birth weight less than 1500 grams) between June 2017 and June 2018. Subjects were stratified into two groups according to the diagnostic of bronchopulmonary dysplasia: with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD group) and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia (control group). Platelet count, circulating megakaryocyte count (MK), platelet activating markers (CD62P and CD63), thrombopoietin (TPO) were recorded and compared in two groups, then, serial thrombopoietin levels and concomitant platelet counts were measured in infants with BPD. Results: A total of 252 premature infants were included in this study. 48 premature infants developed BPD, 48 premature infants in the control group who were matched with 1:1 according to gestational age, birth weight and admission diagnosis at their age of postnatal day 28. Compared to the controls, infants with BPD had significantly lower peripheral platelet count[BPD vs controls: 180.3 (24.2) x 109/L vs 345.6 (28.5) x 109/L, p=0.001], Circulating MK count in the BPD group was significantly more abundant than that in the control group [BPD vs controls: 30.7 (4.5) /mL vs 13.3 (2.6) /mL, p=0.025], The level of CD62p, CD63 and TPO in BPD group were significantly higher in control group ［29.7 (3.1)% vs 14.5 (2.5)%，15.4(2.0)% vs 5.8(1.7)%，301.4 (25.9) pg /mL vs 120.4 (14.2) pg/mL，all P < 0. 05］,furthermore, the concentration of TPO was negatively correlated with platelet count in BPD group with thrombocytopenia. Conclusions: Thrombocytopenia and platelet activation in premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia may be related to lung microvascular endothelial cell injury. Thrombopoietin maybe the major regulator in thrombocytopoiesis and platelet homeostasis of infants with BPD.

RATIONALE: Outpatient treatment of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in tracheostomy dependent children varies institutionally. The objective of this study was to identify whether only increasing airway clearance (AWC) increased the odds of hospitalization within 28 days of treatment. Our hypothesis was that those treated with antibiotics were less likely to be hospitalized. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed medical charts of children who were tracheostomy dependent between 2012-2019 and followed at our institution. We recorded recommendations with each sick call, i.e. prescription of antibiotics and/or increase in frequency of airway clearance. Generalized estimating equation models were used to determine whether the recommendation to increase AWC frequency was associated with an increased risk of hospitalization within 4 weeks, as compared to the prescription of oral and/or inhaled antibiotics. RESULTS: Of the eighty -two patients reviewed, there were 283 unique episodes of LRTI. 160 (45%) episodes involved increasing AWC alone and 195 (55%) were given an antibiotic in addition to increasing AWC. Of those who received AWC only, 21.7% were hospitalized within 28 days of treatment, and 13.8% were hospitalized after treatment with increased AWC and oral/inhaled antibiotics, p= 0.08. Those who received only AWC did not have significantly higher odds of hospitalization within 28 days of treatment, compared to those who received an antibiotic: adjusted OR 1.47 (95% CI: 0.75, 2.86); p=.26. CONCLUSIONS: In this retrospective cohort study of pediatric patients with tracheostomy, a recommendation to increase airway clearance only versus initiating an antibiotic was not associated with increased odds of hospitalization.

Objective: In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence and clinical importance of vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescent patients who were hospitalized with the diagnosis of COVID-19. Material and Methods: 40 patients who were diagnosed to have COVID-19 and hospitalized with the real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method were included. The control group consisted of 45 healthy patients with normal vitamin D levels. The age of admission, clinical and laboratory data, and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD) and parathormone (PTH) levels were recorded. Those with vitamin D levels which are below 20 ng/ml were determined as Group 1 and those with ≥20 ng/ml as Group 2. Results: The median levels of vitamin D level were 13.14 (4.19-69.28) in the group of patients with COVID-19 and 34.81(3.8-77.42) in the control group. Compared to the control group, there was a statistically significantly lower vitamin D level (p <0.001) in the COVID-19 patient group. At admission, the symptom of fever was significantly higher in Group 1 than in Group 2 (p =0.038). The distribution of disease severity according to vitamin D levels was not found significantly different. In conclusion; our study is the first to evaluate vitamin D levels and its relationship with clinical findings in pediatric patients diagnosed with COVID-19. There are significantly lower levels of vitamin D in children with COVID-19 than those in the control group. This shows that vitamin D, which is effective in the immunological mechanism, also has an effect in the physiopathology of the disease.

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Background: Transverse sinus (TS) is located anterior to the left atrium (LA) and almost posterior to the aortic root. Pericardial fat pad in transverse sinus adjacent to LAA is a rare condition that may resemble LAA thrombosis especially in suspected cases. Case presentation: A 60 years old woman with history of dyspnea on exertion and severe mitral stenosis was planned for percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy (PTMC). In TEE imaging mass-like lesion near LAA was seen and was first thought to be LAA thrombosis. After more TEE angulations and 3D TEE the diagnosis of transverse sinus fat pad (TSFP) was confirmed. Conclusion: Along-side 2D imaging, 3D TEE we can better delineate the complex structure of LA and LAA.

Purpose This paper aims to elucidate the factors that play into physicians’ experience of receiving practice data and to subsequently develop a model that describes how individuals may interact with the data they receive. Methods In a prior study, we conducted a needs analysis of 105 physicians in the Hamilton-Niagara area in order to understand which data metrics were most valuable to physicians. Using these results, we designed an interview guide to study physicians’ perspectives on audit and feedback. By intentional sampling, we recruited 15 physicians amongst gender groups, types of practice (academic vs community), and duration of practice. The interviews were conducted by a single author and transcribed without identifiers. We then began with an open coding analysis for all of the transcripts, and thereafter conducted axial coding to group the data into larger themes. Results Several environmental and personal attributes were identified as either enabling or counterproductive attributes for participant improvement. The final proposed model identifies different zones of engagement on the basis of both the individual practitioner’s growth mindset and the quality of the existing data system. In the highest engagement zone, the mindset of the collective leadership is one of growth. Systemic supports are in place which potentiates learning that may come from an individual motivated to use their own data. Conclusion Our model shows how data feedback systems and individual growth-oriented mindsets interact to augment or hinder clinical practice improvement. This model provides important guidance to academic and administrative structures looking to develop appropriate performance feedback systems with clinicians.

PURPOSE: Systemic venous anomalies encompass a wide range of cardiovascular anomalies. Systemic venous anomalies are relatively infrequent and, under normal circumstances, asymptomatic, but may be clinical importance in cardiac surgery. This study aims to investigate whether systemic venous anomaly would have an effect on the any surgical planning. METHODS: We included a total of 525 consecutive patients (310 males, 215 females) who underwent open heart surgery for congenital heart disease. Patients were classified due to type of systemic venous anomalies. Demographic data and outcome data were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Systemic venous anomaly was observed in 40 (13,25%) patients. The mean age and weight of the patients was 11.5 months (range, 1 day to 18 years), 9.3 kg (range, 500 gr-65 kg) respectively. Preoperative diagnosis was obtained in 14 / 40 (37.5%) patients with echocardiography, 12 / 40 (30%) with computed tomography scan, in 7 / 40 (17.5%) patients with conventional angiography and in 7/40 (17.5%) patients during surgery. A persistent left superior vena cava is the most common systemic venous anomaly (24 / 40 (60%) patients) and in others IVC interruption, retroaortic innominate vein and connection of PSSVC-LA was determined 7 / 40 patients (17.5%) , 4 / 40 patients (10%) and 4 / 40 patients (10%) respectively. No operative morbidity and complication associated with systemic venous anomalies was seen. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of the different course of the systemic venous anatomy prior to surgical intervention is important for the safe execution of any cardiac procedure.

Retracing pathways of historical species introductions is fundamental to understanding the factors involved in the successful colonization and spread, centuries after a species’ establishment in an introduced range. Numerous plants are thought to have been introduced to regions outside their native ranges by European voyagers and early colonists making transoceanic journeys; however, records are scare to document this. We use genotyping-by-sequencing and genotype-likelihood methods on the selfing, global weed, Plantago major, collected from 50 populations worldwide to test hypotheses that the plant was brought to new regions during colonial times. We further investigate how patterns in genomic diversity facilitate the success of this global weed. Although genomic differentiation among populations is found to be low, we identify six unique ecotypes showing very little sign of admixture. Three of the most prevalent of these ecotypes present in the native range gave rise to introduced populations in the Americas, Africa, Australia and New Zealand, indicating that more than one successful ecotype colonized and spread. The distribution of ecotypes is found to have links to colonial history, and ecotypes are further found to be restricted by latitude. Dispersal of multiple successful ecotypes and prior adaptation in the native range to latitudinally dependent environmental factors (such as climate) are likely reasons for the success of this prolific, global weed. Genomic signatures can provide new perspectives on the drivers behind the historic introductions and the successful colonization of introduced species in an era of global change.

This paper is concerned with a parabolic-elliptic Keller-Segel system where both diffusive and chemotactic coefficients (motility functions) depend on the chemical signal density. This system was originally proposed by Keller and Segel in \cite{KS-1971-JTB2} to describe the aggregation phase of {\it Dictyostelium discoideum} cells in response to the secreted chemical signal cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), but the available analytical results are very limited by far. Considering system in a bounded smooth domain with Neumann boundary conditions, we establish the global boundedness of solutions in any dimensions with suitable general conditions on the signal-dependent motility functions, which are applicable to a wide class of motility functions. The existence/nonexistence of non-constant steady states is studied and abundant stationary profiles are found. Some open questions are outlined for further pursues. Our results demonstrate that the global boundedness and profile of stationary solutions to the Keller-Segel system with signal-dependent motilities depend on the decay rates of motility functions, space dimensions and the relation between the diffusive and chemotactic motilities, which makes the dynamics immensely wealthy.

Mittag-Leffler functions has many applications in various areas of Physical, biological ,applied, earth Sciences and Engineering. It is used in solving problems of fractional order differential, integral and difference equations. In this paper, we aim to define the m-parameter Mittag-Leffler function, which can be reduced to various already known extensions of Mittag-Leffler function. We then, discuss its various properties like recurrence relations, differentiation formula and integral representations. We also represent the new m-parameter Mittag-Leffler function in terms of some known special functions such as Generalized hypergeometric function, Mellin Barnes integral, Wright hypergeometric function and Fox H-function. We also discuss its various integral transforms like Euler-Beta, Whittaker, Laplace and Mellin transforms. Further, fractional differential and integral operators are considered to discuss few properties of m-parameter Mittag-Leffler function. Also, we use the m-parameter Mittag-Leffler function to define a generalization of Prabhakar integral and discuss its properties. Further, relation of m-parameter Mittag Leffler function with various other functions such as exponential, trigonometric, hypergeometric and algebraic functions is obtained and represented graphically using MATHEMATICA 12.

With the growing anthropogenic pressure on marine ecosystems, the need for efficient monitoring of biodiversity grows stronger. DNA metabarcoding of bulk samples is increasingly implemented in ecosystem assessments and is more cost-efficient and less time-consuming than monitoring based on morphology. However, before raw sequences are obtained from bulk samples, a profound number of methodological choices must be made. Here, we critically review the recent methods used for metabarcoding of marine bulk samples (including benthic, plankton and diet samples) and indicate how potential biases can be introduced throughout sampling, pre-processing, DNA extraction, marker and primer selection, PCR amplification and sequencing. From a total of 64 studies evaluated, our recommendations for best practices include to (a) consider DESS as a fixative instead of ethanol, (b) use the DNeasy PowerSoil kit for any samples containing traces of sediment, (c) not limit the marker selection to COI only, but preferably include multiple markers for higher taxonomic resolution, (d) avoid touchdown PCR profiles, (e) use a fixed annealing temperature for each primer pair when comparing across studies or institutes, (f) use a minimum of 3 PCR replicates and (g) include both negative and positive controls. Although the implementation of DNA metabarcoding still faces several technical complexities, we foresee wide-ranging advances in the near future, including improved bioinformatics for taxonomic assignment, sequencing of longer fragments, and the use of whole-genome information. Despite the bulk of biases involved in metabarcoding of bulk samples, it is clear that DNA metabarcoding provides a valuable tool in ecosystem assessments.

Recently, many authors studied the numerical solution of the classical Darboux problem in its integral form via a two-dimensional nonlinear Volterra-Fredholm integral equation. In the present article, a numerical technique based on the Chebyshev wavelet is proposed to solve the Darboux problem directly without converting into a nonlinear Volterra-Fredholm integral equation. The proposed technique is different from the techniques discussed in [1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 16, 17, 18, 19]. The proposed approach produces higher accuracy than its counterpart techniques. The proposed scheme illustrated with suitable examples to show the advantages in terms of its accuracy with lesser grid size.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) is a viral disease which is declared as a pandemic by WHO. This disease is posing a global threat, and almost every country in the world is now affected by this disease. Currently, there is no vaccine for this disease and because of this containing COVID-19 is not an easy task. It is noticed that elderly people got severely affected by this disease specially in Europe. In the present paper, we propose and analyze a mathematical model for COVID-19 virus transmission by dividing whole population in old and young groups. We find disease-free equilibrium and the basic reproduction number ($R_0$). We estimate the parameter corresponding to rate of transmission and rate of detection of COVID-19 using real data from Italy and Spain by least square method. We also perform sensitivity analysis to identify the key parameters which influence the basic reproduction number and hence regulate the transmission dynamics of COVID-19. Finally, we extend our proposed model to optimal control problem to explore the best cost-effective and time-dependent control strategies that can reduce the number of infectives in a specified interval of time.

In this paper, we considered a class of $m$-point boundary-value problem of fractional differential equations at resonance with $p$-Laplacian operator in the following: \begin{eqnarray*} \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} D_{0^+}^\beta \varphi_p (D_{0^+}^\alpha u(t)) = f(t,u(t),D_{0^+}^{\alpha - 2} u(t),D_{0^+}^{\alpha - 1} u(t), D_{0^+}^\alpha u(t)),\quad t \in (0,1), \\ u(0) = u’(0)=D_{0^+}^\alpha u(0) = 0,\quad D_{0^+}^{\alpha - 2} u(1) = \sum_{i = 1}^{m-2} {a_i D_{0^+}^{\alpha - 2} u(\eta_i )} , \end{array} \right. \end{eqnarray*} where $2 < \alpha \le 3$, $\eta_1 <\eta_2 <\cdots< \eta_{m-2}$, $0 < \beta \le 1$, $3 < \alpha + \beta \le 4$, $\sum_{i = 1}^{m-2}a_i\eta_i = 1$, $D_{0^+}^\alpha$ denote the Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative, $\varphi_{p}(s)=|s|^{p-2}s$ is $p$-Laplacian operator. The existence of solutions to above problem is obtained by using the extension of Mawhin’s continuation theorem. It is note that our method dropped a usual condition in the process of investigating above problem. So, in some sense, we got a new result under weaker condition than previous ones\cite{st}.

Background: Pharmacogenomics (PG) is a modern tool of personalizing treatment protocols to improve the efficacy and safety of drug prescriptions. These benefits are offset by a slow uptake in clinical application due to a host of physician factors, patient factors, and/or health system factors. Our study, thus, aimed to determine the knowledge, attitude, future expectations, and perceived barriers of medical students and physicians in Jordan regarding PG testing. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted between February-August 2019. Physicians and senior medical students from academic and non-academic institutions in North Jordan (n=424) were surveyed. A structured, self-administered questionnaire was designed and piloted for the purpose of the study. A scoring system for each dimension assessed was calculated and presented using means. Mean scores were compared by sociodemographic and professional variables. Results: The response rate was 70.7%. The mean total PG knowledge score (±SD) was 5.42 (±1.51) out of 10, with a significantly higher mean among respondents aged ≥30 years (5.21 ± 1.62) compared to those <30 years-old (5.54 ± 1.43; p= 0.03). The mean total PG attitude score was 21.18 (±2.58) out of 24, with significant differences by seniority levels evident (p= 0.03). The future expectations of PG among our sample were high, with a mean score of 10.44 (±1.64) out of 12. The top three perceived barriers in applying PG were the high cost, lack of clinical guidelines, and limited knowledge and awareness. Conclusion: Physicians and medical students in Jordan have low overall knowledge, albeit strongly positive attitude and future expectations toward PG, despite the perceived high cost and lack of clinical guidelines. Thus, we strongly recommend adopting a comprehensive educational strategy that aims to integrate PG concepts into medical curricula, and promote the culture of continuous medical education about PG among practitioners.

Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is included in extra nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma. MALTomas are predominantly seen in adults and rarely reported in children & adolescents particularly in immunodeficiency state. Here, we are reporting third case of MALT lymphoma of minor salivary glands of lip in a 9-year-old immuno-competent child. The patient had firm mass on right upper lip. PET Scan showed few avid cervical lymph nodes. Microscopic sections and Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated infiltration by a tumor consistent with MALToma. Child was successfully treated with complete resection followed by chemotherapy with no recurrence at 6 month.

COVID-19, the illness caused by SARS-CoV-2, has a wide-ranging clinical spectrum that, in the worst-case scenario, involves a rapid progression to severe acute respiratory syndrome and even death. Epidemiological data show that “diabesity”, the association of obesity and diabetes, is among the main risk factors associated with high morbidity and mortality. The increased susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection documented in diabesity argues for initial defects in defense mechanisms, most likely due to an elevated systemic metabolic inflammation (“metaflammation”). The NLRP3 inflammasome is a master regulator of metaflammation and has a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of diabesity. Here we discuss the most recent findings suggesting contribution of NLRP3 inflammasome to the increase in complications in COVID-19 patients with diabesity. We also review current pharmacological strategies for COVID-19, focusing on treatments whose efficacy could be due, at least in part, to interference with the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.

Background and Purpose: The risk for stroke is higher in patients with diabetes by hyperglycemia induced oxidative stress and is commonly associated with diabetic cystopathy. We hypothesized glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist exendin-4 (Ex-4) with hypoglycemic effect and neuroprotection may attenuate global cerebral ischemia (IR) induced brain and bladder injury in diabetic rats. Experimental Approach: Ten minutes of bilateral carotid artery occlusion combined with hemorrhage-induced hypotension (30 mmHg) (IR) was induced in female Wistar rats with streptozotocin-induced type I diabetes. Prefrontal cortex edema was evaluated by T2-weighted magnetic resonance. Voiding function was determined by a transcystometry. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, apoptosis, autophagy and pyroptosis were determined by western blot and immunohistochemistry. Key Results: Diabetes increased the levels of ER stress associated proteins including pIRE-1, cleaved caspase-12, pJNK, ATF4, ATF6 and CHOP, apoptosis associated caspase 3 and PARP proteins expression, autophagy associated proteins Beclin-1 and LC3-II proteins expression and pyroptosis associated caspase 1 and IL-1β proteins expression in the prefrontal cortex and bladders. IR led to a significantly prefrontal cortex edema and voiding dysfunction and further enhanced ER stress, apoptosis, autophagy and pyroptosis in brain and bladder of the diabetic rats. Diabetes thickened the lamina propria layers and increased bladder Masson’s trichrome stain. Intraperitoneal Ex-4 treatment significantly attenuated prefrontal cortex edema, ER stress, apoptosis, autophagy and pyroptosis in brains and bladders and improved bladder dysfunction. Conclusion and Implications: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist Ex-4 ameliorates stroke-induced brain injury and bladder dysfunction in diabetic rats through inhibiting ER stress, apoptosis, autophagy and pyroptosis signaling.

To the Editor:Food-induced anaphylaxis is occurring more frequently in response to composite foods where the culprit may be a contaminant.1 A few published case reports describe anaphylactic reactions in patients after consuming foods contaminated with mold. One patient died after consuming mold-contaminated pancake mix.2 Another experienced a non-life threatening anaphylactic reaction to mold-contaminated bee-pollen.3 A case of true anaphylaxis occurred after a patient consumed dry cured meat products that require mold in their preparation.4 Quorn, a meat substitute made with mycoprotein, caused a lethal anaphylactic reaction in a pediatric patient with a previously known mold allergy.5Multiple reports on the internet and news outlets have described parents finding mold in preservative-free juice drinks, but no reports have described allergic reactions.

Background and Purpose: After spinal cord injury (SCI), blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) disruption results in secondary injury including apoptotic cell death of neurons and oligodendrocytes, thereby leads to permanent neurological deficits. Recently, we reported that the histone H3K27me3 demethylase Jmjd3 plays a role in regulating BSCB integrity after SCI. Here, we investigated whether gallic acid (GA), a natural phenolic compound that is known to be anti-inflammatory, regulates Jmjd3 expression and activation, thereby attenuates BSCB disruption following the inflammatory response and improves functional recovery after SCI. Experimental Approach: Rats were contused at T9 and treated with GA (50 mg/kg) via intraperitoneal injection immediately, 6 h and 12 h after SCI, and further treated for 7 d with the same dose once a day. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, we evaluated Jmjd3 activity and expression, and assessed BSCB permeability by Evans blue assay after SCI. Key Results: GA significantly inhibited Jmjd3 expression and activation after injury both in vitro and in vivo. GA also attenuated the expression and activation of matrix metalloprotease-9, which is well known to disrupt the BSCB after SCI. Consistent with these findings, GA attenuated BSCB disruption and reduced the infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages compared with the vehicle control. Finally, GA significantly alleviated apoptotic cell death of neurons and oligodendrocytes and improved behavior functions. Conclusions and Implications: Based on these data, we propose that GA can exert a neuroprotective effect by inhibiting Jmjd3 activity and expression followed the downregulation of matrix metalloprotease-9, eventually attenuating BSCB disruption after SCI.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the utility of a single value non fasting glucose tolerance test as described by the Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group of India (DIPSI) in detecting GDM Design: A Prospective Descriptive Cross Sectional study Setting: A Tertiary care maternity hospital in Sri Lanka. Sample: A sample of 165 pregnant women between 24-28 weeks of gestation was recruited Method: All women had the DIPSI and standard OGTT tests performed within a one week and results compared using standard non parametric tests. Main outcome measures:DIPSI and IADPSG criteria were compared using sensitivity, specificity and area under the ROC curve. Results: According to the IADPSG criteria 20% (33/165) had GDM, compared to 22.4% (37/165) detected by DIPSI. Sensitivity of DIPSI criteria was 64% while specificity was 88%. The area under receiver operator curve was 0.8. The mean satisfaction for DIPSI was of 8.9 ± 0.4, compared to 4.7 ± 1.3 for OGTT (p<0.001). Analysis of false positives showed that it was mainly due to elevated fasting values in the IADPSG criteria. Conclusion: Although DIPSI has a low sensitivity compared to the IADPSG criteria, area under the ROC curve is 0.80 indicating its utility for diagnosing GDM. It has additional advantages of allowing a diagnosis of GDM in a single visit and high acceptability among women. Funding: This study was self-funded Key words : Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group India, Oral Glucose Tolerence Test

Morphological traits have served generations of biologists as a taxonomic indicator, and have been the main basis to delineate species for museum taxonomists for centuries. Widespread awareness of the importance of behavioural characters, such as vocalizations, has arisen much more recently, and the relative importance of these different traits in the speciation process remains poorly understood. To shed more light on the interplay between morphological and behavioral traits in the speciation process, we generated a draft genome of a cryptic Southeast Asian songbird, the Limestone Wren-babbler Napothera crispifrons, and re-sequenced whole genomes of multiple individuals of all three traditional subspecies and a distinct leucistic population that had previously been misinterpreted as a plumage polymorphism. We demonstrate strong genomic and mitochondrial divergence among all three taxa, pointing to the existence of three species-level lineages. Despite its great phenotypic distinctness, the leucistic population was characterized by shallow genomic differentiation from its neighbor, with only a few localized regions emerging as highly-diverged. Quantitative bioacoustic analysis across multiple traits revealed deep differences especially between the two taxa characterized by limited plumage differentiation. Our study demonstrates that speciation in these furtive songbirds is not governed by the evolution of marked color differences, but is regulated by an interplay between color and bioacoustic traits. Extreme color differences can be anchored in few genomic loci and may therefore arise and subside rapidly.