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Fractional Nonuniform Multiresolution Analysis in $L^2(\mathbb R)$
Hari M. Srivastava
Firdous A. Shah

Hari M. Srivastava

and 2 more

September 19, 2020
In order to provide a significantly richer representation of non-stationary signals appearing in various disciplines of science and engineering, we introduce here a novel fractional nonuniform multiresolution analysis (FrNUMRA) on the spectrum $\Lambda$ given by $\Lambda = \left\{0,\frac{r}{N}\right\}+2\mathbb{Z}$, where $N \geqq 1$ is an integer and $r$ is an odd integer with $ 1 \leqq r \leqq 2N-1,$ such that $r$ and $N$ are relatively prime. The necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of nonuniform wavelets of fractional order is derived and an algorithm is also presented for the construction of fractional NUMRA starting from a fractional low-pass filter $h_{0}^{\alpha}$ with appropriate conditions. Moreover, we provide a complete characterization for the biorthogonality of the translates of the scaling functions of two fractional nonuniform multiresolution analyses and the associated fractional biorthogonal wavelet families.
Death due to Covid-19 in a Patient with Diabetes, Epilepsy, and Gout comorbidities
Amir Reza Safdarian
Kaveh Momenzadeh

Amir Reza Safdarian

and 4 more

September 21, 2020
There is evidence of increased incidence, rapid progression, and poor prognosis of Covid-19 in patients with underlying comorbidities such as diabetes and epilepsy. It is crucial to develop effective treatment regimens for these patients. Multiple organ failure is the most common cause of death in Covid-19 patients.
White esophagus accompanying multiple circumferential duodenal erosions extending to...
Akinori Kanzaki
Tetsuo Maeda

Akinori Kanzaki

and 6 more

September 21, 2020
White esophagus is an extremely rare disease and recognized to be the result of chronic ischemic injury. We report here successful treatment of a case of white esophagus accompanying multiple areas of circumferential duodenal erosion extending to the upper jejunum in a middle-aged male.
Perinatal diagnosis of an unbalanced 46, XY, der(10)t(6;10)(p22;q26.1) translocation...
Makiho Ishibashi
Takafumi Watanabe

Makiho Ishibashi

and 7 more

September 21, 2020
Phenotype of an unbalanced translocation is characterized by mutations in the translocated chromosome. We present the case of a fetus with a paternally derived unbalanced 46, XY, der(10)t(6;10)(p22;q26.1) translocation, detected following growth retardation and cardiac malformation. Our findings expand the known spectrum of unbalanced translocations for improved clinical management.
Unilateral pulmonary hemorrhage caused by negative pressure pulmonary edema.
Hyung Park
Seong Park

Hyung Park

and 5 more

September 21, 2020
We experienced a unilateral alveolar hemorrhage associated with negative pressure pulmonary edema that occurred after long history of asthma patient bit the endotracheal tube during posture change at the end of surgery. We describe herein perioperative and intensive care management of unilateral pulmonary hemorrhage caused by biting endotracheal tube.
Lexicon - pointed hybrid N-gram Features Extraction Model (LeNFEM) for Sentence Level...
James Mutinda
Ronald Mwangi

James Mutinda

and 2 more

September 18, 2020
Sentiment analysis of social media posts and texts can provide information and knowledge that is applicable in social settings, business intelligence, evaluation of citizens’ opinions in governance and mood triggered devices in Internet of Things. Feature extraction and selection is a key determinant of accuracy and computational cost of machine learning models for such analysis. Most feature extraction and selection techniques utilize bag of words such as N-grams and frequency-based algorithms especially Term Frequency-Inverse document frequency (TF-IDF). However, these approaches suffer shortcomings such as; they do not consider relationships between words, they ignore words’ characteristics and they suffer high feature dimensionality. In this paper we propose and evaluate an approach that utilizes a fixed hybrid N-gram window for feature extraction and Minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance feature selection for sentence level sentiment analysis. The approach improves the existing feature extraction techniques specifically the N-gram by generating a tri-gram vector from words, Part of speech tags and word semantic orientation. The N-gram vector is extracted by employing a static 3-gram window identified by a lexicon where a sentiment word appears in a sentence. A blend of the words, POS tags and the sentiment orientations of the 3N-gram are used to build the feature vector. The optimal features from the vector are then selected using Minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance (MR2) algorithm. Experiments were carried out with a publicly available yelp tweets dataset to evaluate the performance of four supervised machine learning classifiers (Naïve Bayes, K-Nearest Neighbor, Decision Tree and Support Vector Machines) when augmented with the proposed model. The results showed that the proposed model had the highest accuracy (86.85%), recall (86.85%) and precision (86.96%).
Tocilizumab in Treatment of Severe COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-An...
Mohamed Elsokary
Hozaifa Elsawah

Mohamed Elsokary

and 3 more

September 21, 2020
Background: There is an urgent need to improve health outcomes among severe COVID-19 patients. Therefore, this study aimed to demystify efficacy and safety of tocilizumab among those patients based on the best available evidence. Methods: Nine electronic databases were searched for relevant studies by three authors in July using search terms “tocilizumab”, “COVID”, “SARS”. The last date checked was 26 August, 2020. Eligible studies were assessed through an inclusion criterion focused on cohort studies and severe COVID-19 adult patients. Any disagreement between the authors was resolved by discussions. Primary outcomes were mortality and clinical improvement, while secondary outcomes were tocilizumab-related adverse effects. Results: Tocilizumab reduced the mortality rate by 41%, 40%, 28%, and 37% in 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. There was neither statistically significant difference between the tocilizumab group and the control group in the clinical improvement (pooled risk ratio1.21 [0.89, 1.64]) nor in respiratory support change. There were no difference between the two groups in the occurrence of serious adverse events (pooled risk difference 0.00 [-0.02, 0.03]), bacteremia (pooled risk ratio 1.25 [0.80, 1.97]), elevation of liver functions (pooled risk difference -0.00 [-0.03, 0.02]) and infusion related reactions (pooled risk difference 0.01 [-0.02, 0.03]). However, the occurrence of neutropenia (pooled risk ratio 9.23 [1.06, 80.24]) and new infections (pooled risk difference 0.07 [0.00, 0.14]) were more likely in the tocilizumab group. Conclusion: Because of the reported adverse effects of tocilizumab in treating severe COVID-19 patients, the use of that biological agent should be limited to selected patients based on the best available evidence.
Midterm results of different treatment methods for myocardial bridging in patients af...
Shengwei Wang
Shuiyun Wang

Shengwei Wang

and 9 more

September 21, 2020
Background: Myocardial bridging (MB) is commonly treated in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). However, whether and how MB should be treated in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) who underwent septal myectomy remain unclear. Methods: A total of 823 adults with HOCM who underwent septal myectomy at the Fuwai Hospital from 2011 to 2017 were retrospectively studied. Results: Overall, 31 events occurred: 24 patients died and 7 had nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI). The 3-year cumulative event-free survival of all-cause death (97.9% vs 100% vs 100% vs 98.4%, p=0.89) and cardiovascular death (98.3% vs 100% vs 100% vs 98.4%, p=0.63) were similar among the four groups (non-MB, CABG, unroofing, untreated, respectively). The 3-year cumulative event-free survival of nonfatal MI (100% vs 97.5% vs 98.0% vs 89.9%, p<0.001) and combined endpoints (97.9% vs 97.5% vs 98.0% vs 88.4%, p=0.02) were significantly lowest in untreated MB. Cox regression analysis indicated that untreated MB was a significant independent predictor of combined endpoints (hazard ratio [HR]: 4.06, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.60–10.32, p<0.001). Moreover, 49 patients underwent coronary artery computed tomography after surgery. The patency rate of the saphenous vein graft (SVG) was significantly higher than that of the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) (13.3% vs 84.2%, p<0.001). No MB was detected in the unroofing group. Conclusions: Surgical MB treatment could be beneficial and performed safely during septal myectomy. Myocardial unroofing is the recommended treatment for MB, and unroofing when technically possible may be preferable for long-term outcomes.
Coinfection of SFTSV Genotype A with Rickettsia among Farmers in Northeast
Yue Ma
Hongyan Liu

Yue Ma

and 9 more

September 21, 2020
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), caused by the SFTS virus (SFTSV), is a new acute infectious disease transmitted by ticks. Rickettsiosis is caused by Rickettsia spp. carried by ticks. Here, we conducted case analyses and molecular biological diagnosis of some patients with suspected SFTS in Liaoning Province in 2019 to identify rates of SFTSV and Rickettsia coinfection. Molecular diagnostic results confirmed SFTSV infection in 5 out of 17 suspected SFTS patients. Two strains of genotype A SFTSV were successfully isolated from patient blood. Ticks collected from the patient’s locations had high positivity rates for SFTSV, which was highly similar to SFTSV from patients. Antibody testing of 7 patient serum samples revealed all samples to be positive for Rickettsia antibodies. These results indicate coinfection of SFTSV with Rickettsia that may complicate disease presentation and diagnosis. Therefore, coinfection of tick-borne disease should be considered for correct diagnosis and treatment.
Urban farming, una soluzione per lo sviluppo sostenibile delle città
Maria Federica Siani

Maria Federica Siani

October 23, 2020
L'agricoltura urbana può giocare un ruolo fondamentale nello sviluppo sostenibile delle città poiché permette non solo di soddisfare la domanda crescente di cibo riducendo le criticità dell'attuale filiera alimentare, ma anche di apportare diversi benefici dal punto di vista ambientale, sociale ed economico.Lo studio evidenzia le principali tipologie di quelle che vengono definite urban farms ed i sistemi necessari per realizzarle, riportando a supporto un’applicazione nell’ambito di un progetto di recupero di un ex stabilimento industriale nei pressi del Parco Archeologico di Paestum (SA).I risultati mostrano come l’integrazione dell’agricoltura, ed eventualmente dell’allevamento, possa essere utile per il recupero degli spazi inutilizzati nelle città rendendoli parte attiva dei processi che si consumano al loro interno. Queste pratiche permettono di portare i processi naturali nell’ambiente urbano, riducendo allo stesso tempo alcuni dei fattori critici ambientali e incentivando il benessere sociale e la creazione di nuove economie.
Variability in species abundance can drive flower diversification and specialization
Sébastien Rivest

Sébastien Rivest

September 21, 2020
Angiosperms show remarkable floral diversity. However, the ecological processes involved in flower diversification remain poorly understood. In this article I propose that different plant species abundance drives adaptation to different pollinators and promotes different degrees of specialization. In this view, interspecific variation in species abundance can foster floral diversification. I develop a mathematical model of pollen transfer considering the interaction of several pollination processes---pollen removal and carryover, intra- and interspecific competition for pollinator visitation, and interspecific pollen transfer---that are linked to floral abundance. To assess if and how floral abundance can generate floral diversity, I use the model to assemble plant-pollinator networks from simulated plant and pollinator communities. The model shows that evolution of flowers towards highly specialized pollinators and pollinators with high pollen carryover capacity is favoured at low floral abundance, while evolution on more abundant pollinators is favoured at higher abundance. Furthermore, floral specialization is favoured at low floral abundance, while generalization is favoured at high abundance. In simulated plant communities of variable floral abundance, different pollinator systems evolve among the different plant species. The model demonstrates a new mechanism by which floral diversity can be generated, contributing to our understanding of floral evolution and diversification.
Industrial rearing of edible insects could be a major source of new biological invasi...
Alok Bang
Franck Courchamp

Alok Bang

and 1 more

September 18, 2020
The recent upsurge in the edible insect market has seen industrialisation and intensification without adequate regulatory policy guidelines in place. The species being reared and sold are often non-native, in rearing centres not equipped to contain the species, and in areas without regional or national pre-entry regulations, post-entry monitoring guidelines and early response programs to address escapee species. Such unregulated transport, trade and rearing of species, compounded by the policy and implementation loopholes at the regional, national and international levels will most likely lead to new biological invasions, as has been witnessed with other unregulated trade practices. To avoid this, it is necessary to monitor and regulate the species to be reared, to improve the quarantine guidelines of the rearing centres, and to be more stringent about the policies and practices that allow movements of non-native species across international borders.
Eggshell Membrane as a Bioactive Agent in Polymeric Nanotopographic Scaffolds for Enh...
Daum Kim
Yonghyun Gwon

Daum Kim

and 6 more

September 21, 2020
A bone regeneration scaffold is typically designed as a platform to effectively heal a bone defect while preventing soft tissue infiltration. Despite the wide variety of scaffold materials currently available, such as collagen, critical problems in achieving bone regeneration remain, including a rapid absorption period and low tensile strength as well as high costs. Inspired by extracellular matrix protein and topographical cues, we developed a polycaprolactone-based scaffold for bone regeneration using a soluble eggshell membrane protein (SEP) coating and a nanotopography structure for enhancing the physical properties and bioactivity. The scaffold exhibited adequate flexibility and mechanical strength as a biomedical platform for bone regeneration. The highly aligned nanostructures and SEP coating were found to regulate and enhance cell morphology, adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation in vitro. In a calvarial bone defect mouse model, the scaffolds coated with SEP applied to the defect site promoted bone regeneration along the direction of the nanotopography in vivo. These findings demonstrate that bone-inspired nanostructures and SEP coatings have high potential to be applicable in the design and manipulation of scaffolds for bone regeneration.
Fitness of chassis cells and metabolic pathways for L-cysteine overproduction in Esch...
Han Liu
Yu Wang

Han Liu

and 3 more

September 21, 2020
L-cysteine is a ubiquitous and unique sulfur-containing amino acid with important physiological functions. The efficient L-cysteine production via microbial fermentation is interesting and has been paid great attention. In this study, different Escherichia coli K-12 strains (JM109, BW25113, MG1655, W3110) were investigated on their suitability to cysteine-producing plasmid pLH03. The enhancement of precursor synthetic pathway and thiosulfate assimilation pathway resulted in the good performance of BW25113. The expressions of synthetic pathway genes were optimized by two constitutive promoters to assess their effects on L-cysteine production. Main degradation pathway genes were also deleted coordinately for more efficient production of cysteine. The L-cysteine production was further increased through the manipulation of sulfur transcription regulator cysB and sulfur supplement. After the process optimization in a 1.5 L bioreactor, the final engineered strain LH2A1M0B△YTS-pLH03 [BW25113Ptrc2-serA-Ptrc1-cysM- Ptrc-cysB△yhaM△tnaA△sdaA-(pLH03)] accumulated 8.34 g/L of cysteine, laying a certain foundation for cysteine fermentation industry.
A ‘holistic’ sonographic view on congenital heart disease – how semiautomatic reconst...
Jan Weichert
Alexander Weichert

Jan Weichert

and 1 more

September 21, 2020
Attempting a comprehensive examination of the fetal heart remains challenging for unexperienced operators as it emphasizes the acquisition and documentation of sequential cross-sectional and sagittal views and inevitably results in diminished detection rates of fetuses affected by congenital heart disease. The introduction of three-/four-dimensional spatial-temporal image correlation 3D/4D STIC technology facilitated a volumetric approach for thorough cardiac anatomic evaluation by the acquisition of cardiac 4D datasets by analyzing and correlating numerous images from different heart cycles obtained during an automated sweep and subsequently displaying them in an endless cine loop sequence. However, postanalysis with manipulation and repeated slicing of the volume usually requires experience and in-depth anatomic knowledge, which limits the widespread application of this advanced technique in clinical care and unfortunately leads to the underestimation of its diagnostic value to date. Fetal intelligent navigation echocardiography (FINE), a novel method that automatically generates and displays 9 standard fetal echocardiographic views in normal hearts, has shown to be able to overcome these limitations. Very recent data on the detection of congenital heart defects (CHDs) revealed a sensitivity and specificity of 98 % and 93 %, respectively. In this two-part manuscript, we focused on the performance of FINE in delineating abnormal anatomy of typical right and left heart lesions and thereby emphasized the educational potential of this technology for more than just teaching purposes. We further discussed recent findings regarding these morphological changes seen in a pathophysiological and/or functional context.
A 16-Year old with Lemierre's Syndrome and Multiple Septic Pulmonary Emboli
Christopher M.  Oermann

Christopher M. Oermann

September 21, 2020
Introduction: Lemierre’s syndrome, a rare complication of oropharyngeal infections, is caused by infective thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein and subsequent development of multisystem septic emboli. Case: A 16-year old male presented with two weeks of fever, myalgia, malaise, nausea/vomiting/diarrhea with weight loss, and a dry cough. He had previously been treated for pneumonia with three days of azithromycin. Chest imaging demonstrated bilateral cavitary lung nodules and blood cultures grew Fusobacterium necrophorum. Right jugular thrombophlebitis was later confirmed. Discussion: Lemierre’s syndrome is most common among previously healthy adolescents. It often presents following mild oropharyngeal infection and may be associated with multiple pulmonary complications including septic emboli, abscesses, necrotizing pneumonia, empyema, pneumothorax, pulmonary embolism, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Delayed diagnosis may result in life-threatening morbidity or mortality, so pediatric pulmonologists must be aware of this rare disease and maintain a high index of suspicion in cases consistent with Lemierre’s syndrome.
Plastic bronchitis in a toddler born preterm
jinfang yuan
ling Liu

jinfang yuan

and 4 more

September 21, 2020
Plastic bronchitis in a toddler born preterm Jinfang Yuan M.D, Ling Liu M.D, Wei Zhou M.D, Xiaomei Tong M.D, Tongyan Han M.D Department of Pediatric, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
Unpacking some of the linkages between uncertainties in observational data and the si...
Denis Hughes
Fabio Farinosi

Denis Hughes

and 1 more

September 21, 2020
The main objective of this study was to use an uncertainty version of a widely used monthly time step, semi-distributed model (the Pitman model) to explore the equifinalities in the way in which the main hydrological processes are simulated and any identifiable linkages with uncertainties in the available observational data. The study area is the Zambezi River basin and 18 gauged sub-basins have been included in the analyses. Unfortunately, it is not generally possible to quantify some of the observational uncertainties in such a data scarce area and mostly we are limited to identifying where these data are clearly deficient (i.e. erroneous or non-representative). The overall conclusion is that the equifinalities in the model are hugely dominant in terms of the uncertainties in the relative occurrence of different runoff generating processes, although water use uncertainties in the semi-arid parts of the basin can contribute to these uncertainties. The identification of landscape features that suggest the occurrence of saturation excess surface runoff provides some information to constrain the model. Improved independent estimates of groundwater recharge is also identified as a key source of observational data that would help a great deal in constraining the model parameter space and therefore reducing some of the model equifinality.
Projecting Groundwater Variability in Data-scarce Tropical Savanna Region of India
SURAJ JENA
Rabindra Panda

SURAJ JENA

and 5 more

September 21, 2020
For regional sustainability, spatio-temporal variability of groundwater level (GWL) in tropical savanna climatic region with heavily stressed aquifers needs future projection skills by taking hydrological, geological, and climatic (HGC) controls into consideration. This study analyzed the spatio-temporal variability of quarterly GWL and the HGC controls regulating it during the 1995-2015 period over a data-scarce tropical savanna region in India. Using data mining techniques, the study evaluated land use land cover (LULC), geomorphology, lithology, topography and rainfall as HGC controls for GWL variability. The analysis revealed that this region has high intra-annual spatial variability characterized by higher GWL variability in the drier period of the year than wet period. The temporal analysis of GWL demarcated the distinct regions with highly significant rising and declining trends with magnitude ranging from -0.51 to 0.42 m/year. It was discovered that the LULC could explain the observed GWL variability at the highest degree compared to the other considered HGC controls. Subsequently, through principal component analysis (PCA) six representative components covering more than 90% of the variance in 2002 LULC dataset were used for training the random forest (RF) learning algorithm to develop four prediction models corresponding to four temporal quarters. The PCA-RF based trained prediction models showed adequate accuracy during testing using the 2005, 2010, and 2015 LULC datasets. The developed models were further used to make short- and long-term GWL predictions in the study region. The developed models can contribute to regional-scale groundwater planning and management in data-scarce tropical regions.
Mecânica Clássica - Referenciais Inerciais e Energia
M.C.Bertin
Mario Cezar Bertin

M.C.Bertin

and 1 more

September 24, 2020
Os quatro primeiros postuladosVamos apresentar novamente os postulados que introduzimos até aqui:Postulado 1: A posição de uma partícula é representada por um ponto em R 3 .Postulado 2: A distância entre duas partículas é representada pela distância euclidiana em R 3 .Postulado 3: O movimento de uma partícula é representado por uma curva suave em R 3 .Postulado 4: O tempo é representado pelo parâmetro das curvas em R 3 com as propriedades: Homogeneidade, Invariância do intervalo de tempo entre observadores, Crescimento monotônico. Com estes postulados, fomos capazes de introduzir observáveis intrínsecos, que são definidores da partícula, como a massa e a carga elétrica. Ainda, vimos que existem outros observáveis, os observáveis extrínsecos, que possuem relação com a partícula. Os postulados 3 e 4 são, para todos os efeitos, os postulados que introduzem o fenômeno do movimento, então, podemos agora dizer que os observáveis extrínsecos são responsáveis por definir estados de movimento, ou seja, possuem relação com a partícula mas pertencem, em última instância, à forma como esta se move no espaço.Os observáveis que vimos até agora são representados por campos vetoriais, ou seja, são vetores cujas normas são invariantes por rotações. O postulado 2 introduz o observável posição de uma partícula, representado pelo vetor posição \(\mathbf{x}\), mas o movimento ocorre através de curvas suaves no espaço, como proposto pelo postulado 3. Portanto, a posição, assim como outros observáveis, dependem do parâmetro temporal, aquele do quarto postulado. A suavidade das curvas em \(\mathbb{R}^3\) induz a existência de outros dois observáveis, a velocidade e a aceleração. Estes observáveis são campos vetoriais, dependem portanto do ponto sobre a trajetória e esta, em razão da curva que representa o movimento, depende do tempo.Contudo, ainda não temos uma regra que nos diga a forma pela qual uma partícula se desloca sobre uma trajetória. Ou seja, dado um conjunto definido de observáveis relacionados a uma partícula, como saber sob qual curva ela se movimenta? Aqui, trabalharemos com a seguinte ideia: à medida que a partícula percorre uma trajetória, o movimento deixa invariante um conjunto específico de observáveis físicos, denominados invariantes dinâmicos. Assim, os invariantes dinâmicos serão quantidades físicas que não mudam seu valor na medida que o tempo passa e a partícula desenvolve sua trajetória.É importante salientar que os observáveis intrínsecos também são invariantes. Contudo, eles são invariantes absolutos, números reais constantes que não dependem de características do movimento do sistema. Os invariantes dinâmicos, por outro lado, são observáveis extrínsecos que dependem, no geral, de outros observáveis do sistema, mas que se manterão invariantes em razão das propriedades do próprio movimento.Antes de introduzir outros dois postulados com a implementação desta ideia, vamos tratar do primeiro e mais famoso exemplo de invariante dinâmico, a Energia.EnergiaVamos começar a definir o observável energia através de duas propriedades:A energia é uma quantidade conservada por rotações, portanto, é um observável escalar.A energia é um observável aditivo. Essas propriedades ainda não são suficientes, mas podemos começar por aqui. A primeira propriedade, a de que a energia é um escalar, nos permite determinar que a energia poderia ser um observável intrínseco da partícula. Contudo, vamos descartar esta possibilidade e assumir, por princípio, que a energia é um observável extrínseco, portanto, dependente do movimento. Assim, a energia de um sistema deve depender de observáveis euclidianos como o tempo, a posição, a velocidade e a aceleração. O tempo é um número real, mas os demais observáveis são vetores e, até aqui, a única maneira de produzir escalares a partir de vetores é através do produto escalar.A aditividade da energia, por outro lado, nos permite supor que a energia total de um sistema possui várias origens que são somadas. A energia depende:Do movimento do sistema com relação a um determinado sistema referencial;Do movimento interno das partículas constituintes do sistema; Da interação do sistema com outros sistemas.Da interação entre as partículas internas do sistema. Estas são as origens mecânicas da energia. Fora do escopo da mecânica clássica, precisamos falar de mais três tipos de energia:Energia intrínseca devido à existência da massa \(\left(E=mc^2\right)\).Energia dos campos de interação. Energia interna termodinâmica. A energia que vem do movimento do sistema físico com relação a um referencial é denominada energia cinética. Por outro lado, se o sistema físico é composto por muitas partículas, o movimento relativo entre as partículas é responsável por parte da energia total do sistema. Em parte, essa energia origina a energia interna termodinâmica. Contudo, o movimento interno das partículas não é a única origem da energia interna. Parte desta energia vem do calor, que tem origem estatística, mas essa discussão foge ao nosso escopo. Estamos interessados apenas nas energias de origem mecânica. Um sistema físico também pode interagir com outros sistemas físicos, assim, uma interação externa é uma fonte de energia total de um sistema. Ainda, se as partículas internas de um sistema interagem entre si, esta interação também dá origem a uma energia. As energia de interação são comumente denominadas energia potencial.Sobre as formas não mecânicas da energia, temos o exemplo da energia intrínseca de uma partícula devido a sua massa. Provavelmente a equação mais famosa da física, \(E=mc^2\) determina o conteúdo de energia da massa. Esta energia é usualmente ignorada nos processos mecânicos, químicos e biológicos em razão da conservação da massa. Portanto, a mecânica clássica, para a qual a massa é um observável intrínseco imutável, não prevê fenômenos nos quais um conteúdo de matéria pode ser convertido em energia. Ainda assim, tais fenômenos existem e constituem numerosos exemplos, como as bombas de fissão e fusão nuclear, e a produção de energia nas estrelas.Ademais, temos a energia devida à existência dos campos de interação, assunto marginal para a mecânica clássica, mas importante, por exemplo, no eletromagnetismo e nas demais descrições das interações fundamentais. A rigor, a mecânica clássica não introduz campos de interação, embora a gravitação universal newtoniana possa ser um exemplo controverso. Na eletrodinâmica, duas partículas carregadas formam um sistema que não só tem energia cinética e de interação mútua, mas que produzem campos elétricos e magnéticos também detentores de energia. Tal energia pode, inclusive, ser perdida mesmo que o sistema em si seja mecanicamente isolado, através de ondas eletromagnéticas.Mais dois postuladosPara implementar as ideias acima, vamos introduzir mais dois postulados:Postulado 5: (Princípio da Inércia - Primeira Lei de Newton). Existe uma classe especial de sistemas referenciais, denominados Referenciais Inerciais, para os quais a velocidade de uma partícula livre é constante. Postulado 6: A energia total de um sistema isolado é preservada durante o seu movimento.Não há como fugir da Primeira Lei de Newton. De fato, ela é mais importante para introduzir a classe de referenciais inerciais que para determinar o movimento da partícula livre. Como veremos, este movimento pode ser deduzido a partir do sexto postulado.Os referenciais inerciais são aqueles, portanto, que medem a velocidade de uma partícula livre como um vetor constante, ou seja, de aceleração nula. Para encontrarmos um referencial inercial, basta encontrarmos uma partícula livre e nos colocarmos em movimento uniforme com relação a esta partícula. Uma vez que um referencial inercial é determinado, teremos infinitos referenciais inerciais, uma vez que dois referenciais inerciais se movem com velocidade constante com relação à partícula livre e, portanto, se moverão com velocidade mutualmente constante.Portanto, uma vez escolhido um referencial inercial, a velocidade de uma partícula livre é um invariante dinâmico vetorial e a energia total de um sistema de partículas que não interage com outros sistemas externos é um invariante dinâmico escalar.A partícula livreOs seis postulados apresentados até aqui são suficientes para deduzir o movimento unidimensional, como o caso de uma partícula livre. Já que uma partícula livre move-se em linha reta com relação a um referencial inercial, basta que escolhamos um referencial inercial cuja orientação alinhe, por exemplo, o eixo \(\mathbf{e}_1\) à trajetória. Uma vez que a partícula se movimenta apenas sobre este eixo, podemos ignorar os demais eixos, então, apenas uma coordenada é suficiente para determinar a trajetória \(x=x(t)\) da partícula.Obviamente, a primeira lei de Newton é suficiente para deduzir como a partícula livre se move sobre a reta. Se ela se move com velocidade constante \(v\), isto implica em \(\dot{x}=v\) e, assim, uma integração no tempo resulta na equação da reta \(x=x_0 + vt\). Aqui, o sinal de \(v\) indica o sentido do movimento.Contudo, é o postulado 6 que determina a propriedade dinâmica do movimento, uma vez que ele determina o invariante dinâmico relacionado à curva percorrida pela partícula. Notemos que, em primeiro lugar, a energia total de uma partícula não possui contribuição interna, uma vez que uma partícula não tem estrutura. Visto que a partícula é livre, também não há interação externa. Assim, a única contribuição para a energia de uma partícula livre é a energia cinética, se ignorarmos origens não mecânicas para a energia.Portanto, a energia de uma partícula livre é um escalar euclidiano, invariante durante o movimento e que consiste apenas na energia cinética. Para que a energia seja um escalar, precisamos saber as expressões envolvendo os observáveis extrínsecos que temos até então que resultam em escalares. Como nossos observáveis fundamentais são vetoriais, posição, velocidade e aceleração, temos que usar produtos escalares para contruir uma boa expressão para a energia. Os candidatos disponíveis são:\(\mathbf{x}^2=\mathbf{x}\cdot \mathbf{x}\); \(\mathbf{x}\cdot \mathbf{v}\); \(\mathbf{x}\cdot \mathbf{a}\);\(\mathbf{v}^2=\mathbf{v}\cdot \mathbf{v}\); \(\mathbf{v}\cdot \mathbf{a}\);\(\mathbf{a}^2=\mathbf{a}\cdot \mathbf{a}\).Contudo, como estamos lidando com uma partícula livre, a aceleração é nula. Assim, a energia da partícula deve ser uma combinação linear\[E_c=\alpha \mathbf{x}^2+\beta\mathbf{v}^2+\gamma\mathbf{x}\cdot \mathbf{v}.\]Agora, esta energia deve ser uma constante do movimento. Assim,\[\frac{dE_{c}}{dt}=0\thinspace\thinspace\implies\thinspace\thinspace\frac{d}{dt}\left(\alpha\mathbf{x}^{2}+\beta\mathbf{v}^{2}+\gamma\mathbf{x}\cdot\mathbf{v}\right)=0.\]Como resultado, temos\[2\alpha\mathbf{x}\cdot\mathbf{v}+2\beta\mathbf{v}\cdot\mathbf{a}+\gamma\left(\mathbf{v}^{2}+\mathbf{x}\cdot\mathbf{a}\right)=0.\]Tomando a aceleração nula, vemos que o coeficiente \(\beta\) não precisa ser nulo. Contudo, a equação restante\[\left(2\alpha\mathbf{x}+\gamma\mathbf{v}\right)\cdot\mathbf{v}=0\]é obedecida se \(\alpha=0\) e \(\gamma=0\). Poderíamos ter a solução \(\mathbf{v}=-\frac{2\alpha}{\gamma}\mathbf{x}\), contudo, esta não é uma opção para \(\mathbf{v}\) constante (\(1^{a.}\) Lei de Newton), a não ser que \(\mathbf{x}\) seja constante, o que não queremos. Com \(\alpha=\gamma=0\), a energia cinética tem a forma \(E_c=\beta\mathbf{v}^{2}\), sobre a qual nos resta estabelecer o valor de \(\beta\).A costante \(\beta\) só pode ser fixada empiricamente, através de experimentos. No caso da partícula livre, podemos fixa-lo analisando o movimento de bolas em um trilho horigontal. Encontraríamos que o valor da energia cinética de bolas lançadas com a mesma velocidade inicial seria proporcional à massa da bola. Vamos fixar o valor de \(\beta\) em metade da massa da partícula, assim,\[\label{Energcin} E_c=\frac{1}{2}m\mathbf{v}^2.\]Como \(E_c\) é uma constante, um número real positivo, tratamos agora de uma partícula livre com energia \(E_c=E\) constante. Portanto, diferentes valores de \(E\) para uma mesma partícula resultarão em diferentes curvas sobre a reta, ou seja, a partícula percorrerá sua trajetória com velocidades diferentes para energias diferentes. Note que, neste caso, temos\[\frac{1}{2}mv^{2}=E\thinspace\thinspace\implies\thinspace\thinspace v^{2}=\frac{2E}{m}\thinspace\thinspace\implies\thinspace\thinspace v=\pm\sqrt{\frac{2E}{m}}.\]Como a partícula tem uma trajetória reta, o módulo de sua velocidade depende da energia. O sinal \(\pm\) indica apenas que o sentido pode ser positivo ou negarivo no eixo. Isto também significa que\[\frac{dx}{dt}=\pm\sqrt{\frac{2E}{m}}\thinspace\thinspace\implies\thinspace\thinspace dx=\pm\sqrt{\frac{2E}{m}}dt,\]que é uma equação diferencial total. Integrando em ambos os lados, temos\[\int_{x_{0}}^{x}dx'=\pm\sqrt{\frac{2E}{m}}\int_{t_{0}}^{t}dt\thinspace\thinspace\implies\thinspace\thinspace x-x_{0}=\pm\sqrt{\frac{2E}{m}}\left(t-t_{0}\right).\]Vamos acertar o relógio do observador para \(t_0=0\). Assim,\[x=x_{0}\pm t\sqrt{\frac{2E}{m}},\]que é a equação horária de uma partícula com velocidade \(\pm\sqrt{2E/m}\) constante sobre uma reta.A partir daqui, a energia cinética será sempre dada pela expressão (\ref{Energcin}). Veremos nas próximas aulas que, para sistemas em uma dimensão, cuja trajetória é restrita a uma reta, os seis primeiros postulados são suficientes para descrever a dinâmica de partículas. Contudo,  outros dois postulados serão necessários quando o sistema físico tiver total liberdade em três dimensões.
Left ventricular summit -- concept, anatomical description and clinical significance
Marcin Kuniewicz
Artur Baszko

Marcin Kuniewicz

and 5 more

August 09, 2021
The left ventricular summit (LVS) is a triangular area located at the most superior portion of the left epicardial ventricular region, surrounded by the two branches of the left coronary artery: the left anterior interventricular artery and the left circumflex artery. The triangle is bounded by the apex, septal and mitral margins and base. This review aims to provide a systematic and comprehensive anatomical description and proper terminology in the LVS region that may facilitate exchanging information among anatomists and electrophysiologists, increasing knowledge of this cardiac region. We postulate that the most dominant septal perforator (not the first septal perforator) should characterize the LVS definition. Abundant epicardial adipose tissue overlying the LVS myocardium may affect arrhythmogenic processes and electrophysiological procedures within the LVS region. The LVS is divided into two clinically significant regions: accessible and inaccessible areas. Rich arterial and venous coronary vasculature and a relatively dense network of cardiac autonomic nerve fibers are present within the LVS boundaries. Although the approach to the LVS may be challenging, it can be executed indirectly using the surrounding structures. Delivery of the proper radiofrequency energy to the arrhythmia source, avoiding coronary artery damage at the same time, may be a challenge. Therefore, coronary angiography or cardiac computed tomography imaging is strongly recommended before any procedure within the LVS region. Further research on LVS morphology and physiology should increase the safety and effectiveness of invasive electrophysiological procedures performed within this region of the human heart.Published in Diagnostics:https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11081423
Investigating karst dissolution loss caused by different intensity droughts using fie...
Kaizhong Li
Yingping Dong

Kaizhong Li

and 3 more

September 21, 2020
Abstract It is well known that droughts have a significant impact on karst dissolution. However, it is not clear how much karst dissolution will be lost under the impact of droughts, especially the loss of different intensity droughts. The present study used a simple but direct standard carbonate tablet to investigated the karst dissolution loss caused by different intensity droughts for four types of land cover in three sites by a field comparative control experiment. Experiment results showed that the drought had caused a significant loss to karst dissolution. Moreover, with the drought increasing, the karst dissolution showed a clear upward trend. From light to rare level, drought caused a 0.4451 to 2.0546 mg cm-2 of a mean loss of karst dissolution for the forest, 0.3044 to 1.9405 mg cm-2 for cropland, 0.5580 to 2.2760 mg cm-2 for shrubland, and 0.5131 to 4.5336 mg cm-2 of a mean loss of karst dissolution for grassland, respectively, which equivalent to a 31.83 to 54.55% of average loss for the forest, 27.80 to 55.97% for cropland, 39.97 to 48.03% for shrubland, and 36.56 to 64.34% of karst dissolution loss for grassland. Subsequent impact mechanism analysis indicated that soil water plays a crucial role in karst dissolution loss of different intensity droughts. Specifically, drought occurs leads to a decline in precipitation, which in turn undoubtedly reduces the soil water, weakens the karst dissolution process, and finally causes the loss of karst dissolution.
Determining the Ideal Initial Printing Colorants in Electrophotography by the Discret...
Dmitry TARASOV
Oleg Milder

Dmitry TARASOV

and 1 more

September 21, 2020
The accuracy and repeatability of the color reproduction in print is determined by the fine tuning of the tone reproduction curves of the basic printing colorants (most often this is CMYK). However, the diversity of manufacturers of printing equipment and dyes introduces an element of significant uncertainty about color uniformity. In addition, the traditional approach does not take into account the effect of hue change when applying the original dyes, as well as, the non-linearity of the hue rise in high and low density areas. Determining the color of base colorants that produces the most uniform tone change is an important engineering challenge. Previously, there was no scientific basis for such calculations. We recently proposed an alternative color correction model based on gradation trajectories as an analogue of gradation curves in the CIE Lab space. We have also described the extension of the approach to double color overlay (gradation surfaces) and its analytical and discrete implications. The trajectories are the geodetic lines on gradation surfaces. In this paper, we propose using the gradation trajectories to determine “ideal” or “true” initial printing dyes for electrophotography. To simplify calculations, natural color discretization in digital printing is used.
The influence of intraspecific sequence variation during DNA metabarcoding: A case st...
Eva Lena Estensmo
sundy

Eva Lena Estensmo

and 5 more

September 21, 2020
DNA metabarcoding has become a powerful approach for analyzing complex communities from environmental samples, but there are still methodological challenges limiting its full potential. While conserved DNA markers, like 16S and 18S, often are not able to discriminate among closely related species, other more variable markers – like the fungal ITS region, may include considerable intraspecific variation, which can lead to over-splitting of species during DNA metabarcoding analyses. Here we assess the effects of intraspecific sequence variation in DNA metabarcoding, by analyzing local populations of eleven fungal species. We investigated the allelic diversity of ITS2 haplotypes using both Sanger sequencing and high throughput sequencing (HTS), coupled with error correction with the software DADA2. All focal species, except one, included some level of intraspecific variation in the ITS2 region. Overall, we observed a high correspondence between haplotypes generated by Sanger sequencing and HTS, with the exception of a few additional haplotypes detected using either approach. These extra haplotypes, often occurring in low frequencies, were likely due to PCR and sequencing errors or intragenomic variation in the rDNA region. The presence of intraspecific (and possibly intragenomic) variation in ITS2 suggest that haplotypes (or ASVs) should not be used as basic units in ITS-based fungal community analyses, but an extra clustering step is needed to approach species-level resolution.
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