Vegetation plays important roles in the development and protection of permafrost; it is one of the main local and ecosystemic factors that affect the thermal stability of the underlying soil strata. Multi-period land use and cover change (LUCC) data and long-time series of air temperature were chosed. Based on these data, spatiotemporal changes in mean annual air temperature (MAAT) were simulated by the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method and Ordinary Kriging (OK) model in the 1980s-2010s in Northeast China. The influences of LUCC on MAAT in Northeast China and distribution of the Xing’an permafrost were analyzed and the results showed that: (1) Decadal average of MAAT increased from 4.60oC (1980s) to 5.38oC (2010s) in Northeast China, with an upward trend of 0.25oC/10a. (2) During the 1980s to 2010s, the total permafrost area showed a decreasing trend (3.668×104 km2/10a). (3) In permafrost regions, LUCC had undergone significant structural changes: forested land showed a consistent decreasing trend and other lands showed an overall increasing trend. (4) The effects of different LUCC on MAAT in the permafrost region varied substantially. The mean MAAT of forested land was the lowest (2.33oC), and; that of unused land, the highest (0.37oC). The change rate in MAAT of cultivated land was the highest (0.37oC/10a), and; that of unused land, the lowest (0.28oC/10a). (5) The degradation rates of permafrost in forested land (1.822×104 km2/10a) and grassland (1.397×104 km2/10a) were the largest from 1980s to 2010s.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to access the influence of active warming after epidural anesthesia (EDA) and before general anesthesia in prevention of perioperative hypothermia. METHOD This randomized controlled trial was conducted in the department of anesthesiology in university medical center of Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam from December 2019 until April 2020. This trial included 60 adult patients who were scheduled for major abdominal surgery with a duration of at least 120 minutes and under combined general anesthesia and EDA. Patients were excluded if age was below 18 years, American Society Anesthesiologists’ physical status classification of IV or higher, or refusal of EDA. Written informed consent was obtained for all patients. Patients were divided randomly into two groups. The first group received 10 minutes of active air-forced warming after EDA before the induction of general anesthesia. The second group was covered with a blanket 10 minutes after EDA and before general anesthesia. Core temperatures were recorded throughout the study. The primary outcome measures were the incidence of perioperative hypothermia and the degree of hypothermia. The secondary outcome measures were rate and time for body temperature to return to normal and incidence of postoperative body shivering. RESULTS Without active warming (n = 21), 70% of patients became hypothermic (<36°C) postoperatively. Active air-forced warming for 10 minutes after EDA and before induction of general anesthesia decreased the incidence of postoperative hypothermia to 26.7% (n = 8). CONCLUSION Active air-forced warming for 10 minutes after EDA and before induction of general anesthesia is efficient in reducing the incidence of perioperative hypothermia.

Objective: To investigate the efficacies of three cycle regimens in women receiving FET with a history of CS: natural cycle (NC) treatment, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) + HRT). Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: University-affiliated center. Population: Patients (N = 6,159) with a history of CS who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study from January 2014 to December 2019. Methods: Reproductive outcomes of patients in the NC (n = 4,306) versus HRT (n = 1,007) versus GnRH-a + HRT groups (n = 846) were compared. Main Outcome Measure: The main outcome measure was the live birth rate per embryo transfer (ET). Results: The unadjusted odds of the miscarriage rate of singleton pregnancies were also significantly higher in the HRT-group compared with the NC-group (25.5% versus 20.4%, respectively). After adjusting for possible confounding factors, the early miscarriage rate and the miscarriage rate of singleton pregnancies remained significantly higher in the HRT-group than the NC-group. The clinical pregnancy rates in the NC-, HRT- and GnRH-a + HRT-groups of women with a history of CS was 48.8%, 48% and 47.1%, respectively, and the live birth rates were 37%, 34.1% and 35.7%, respectively. Conclusion(s): In women undergoing FET with a history of CS, HRT for endometrial preparation was associated with a higher early miscarriage rate, albeit after statistical adjustment for confounding factors. Funding: The National Science Foundation of China (81501328). Key Words: Caesarean section, endometrial preparation, frozen embryo transfer, miscarriage

A goose hemorrhagic polyomavirus (GHPV) outbreak occurred in a Goose Farm in Hunan, China, between January and July 2021. Approximately 1,500 breeding goose died, and hatching rates dropped from the previous 85% to about 50% in this outbreak. GHPV HUN-01, isolated from the liver of infected Landes geese, shared a close evolutionary relationship with the Toulouse Goose 2000 and 14234 strain, isolated from geese in France and Hungary. The isolation of GHPV from the livers of dead embryos also demonstrates that the virus can be transmitted vertically. In conclusion, clinical and laboratory diagnostics of the diseased geese in this outbreak were consistent with GHPV being the causative agent. We learned that this is the first time that GHPV has been isolated from geese in mainland China.

Alpine basins are essential to the conservation of water resources. However, they are typically poorly gauged and inaccessible, owing to the harsh prevailing environment and complex terrain. To investigate the influences of different precipitation inputs on hydrological modeling in alpine basins, two representative satellite precipitation products [Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG)] and two reanalysis precipitation products [China Meteorological Assimilation Driving Datasets for the SWAT model (CMADS) and Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR)] in the Yellow River Source Region (YRSR) were selected for evaluation and hydrological verification against gauge-observed data (GO). Results indicates that the accuracy of these precipitation products in the warm season is higher than that in the cold season, and IMERG has the best performance, followed by CMADS, CFSR, and TRMM. TRMM seriously overestimates high rainfall of greater than 10 mm/day. CFSR overestimates moderate precipitation events of 1–10 mm/d, while CMADS underestimates the effects of precipitation events of 1–20 mm/d. Models using the GO as input yielded satisfactory performance during 2008–2013, and precipitation products have poor simulation results. Although the model using IMERG as input yielded unsatisfactory performance during 2014–2016, this did not affect the use of IMERG as a potential data source for YRSR. After bias correction, the quality of CFSR improves significantly with R2 and NSE increasing by 0.25 and 0.31 at Tangnaihai station, respectively. Model driven by the combination of GO and CMADS precipitation performed the best in all scenarios (R2 = 0.77, NSE = 0.72 at Tangnaihai station; R2 = 0.53, NSE = 0.48 at Jimai station). These results can provide reference data, and research ideas, for improved hydrological modeling of alpine basins.

It is important to study the mechanisms associated with the spatial distribution of soil water and salt to control soil salinization and promote the sustainable development of farmland. In this study, six plots in gully farmland in the loess hilly region with different spatial locations were selected to determine the spatial distributions of soil water and salt and their correlation using the multifractal method. A grid method (15 m  15 m, 3,600 m2) was applied in the 0–20 and 20–40 cm soil layers where each sampling site was located at the center point coordinates. The results showed that the spatial variability of the soil water and salt were 1.41 and 1.73 times higher, respectively, in the upstream farmland than the downstream farmland. The uneven runoff and sediment distributions from gullies in the upstream farmland increased the spatial variability of the soil water and salt. In addition, the vulnerability of upstream farmland to waterlogging caused further in their spatial variability due to narrow landform features. Analysis using the joint multifractal method showed that the spatial variability of the soil water and salt was strongly correlated (P < 0.05) because of the coupling between soil water and salt. In addition, the spatial variability of the soil water and salt was strongly correlated in the 0−20 and 20−40 cm layers because of the spatial autocorrelations of the soil properties (P < 0.05), thereby indicating that the spatial distributions of soil water and salt in the whole soil layer could be represented by those in the 0−20 cm layer. Thus, we recommend using the 0−20 soil layer to sample the distributions of the soil water and salt. Our results provide a theoretical basis for studying the interactive mechanisms associated with the distributions of soil water and salt, and for optimizing the sampling method in the study area.

In this report, we present a rare case of severe mitral regurgitation due to isolated mitral valve chordal rupture without valve leaflet prolapse in a patient with Fabry cardiomyopathy. This finding could be due to subvalvular apparatus storage of glycosphingolipids rather than fibro-elastic deficiency, underlying how close cardiological follow-up of Fabry patients must be comprehensive and not only focused on left ventricular hypertrophy and arrhythmias. We feel that our finding could be of interest for the readership of your Journal.

Background. We have observed reopening of the occluded “no-touch” saphenous vein (NT SV) composite grafts on follow-up angiograms in patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graftings (CABG). Methods. Between 2008 and 2018, 1283 patients received NT SV conduits without or with surrounding pedicle tissue as composite grafts based on the in situ left internal thoracic artery (ITA) for CABG and underwent early postoperative angiographies. Among the 1283 patients, 53 patients showed 55 occluded SV conduit anastomoses, and 46 patients who had 48 occluded SV anastomoses were re-evaluated by 1-year postoperative angiographies. Results. Early postoperative angiographies in 1283 patients demonstrated overall occlusion rates of 1.2% (56/4518); occlusion rates of the ITA and SV were 0.08% (1/1259) and 1.7% (55/3260), respectively. One-year angiograms demonstrated that 14 occluded SV anastomoses (29.2% [14/48 occluded SV]) of 14 patients became patent. Reopening of occluded SV conduits occurred more frequently in NT SV with pedicle tissue than in NT SV without pedicle tissue (45.0% [9/20] versus 17.9% [5/28]; P=0.057). When we examined the preoperative and 1-year postoperative angiograms, reopening of the occluded SV conduits was not related with progression (P=0.258) or preoperative reversibility score (P=0.115) of native target coronary artery disease. Conclusions. More than a quarter of the occluded SV composite grafts on early postoperative angiograms were patent in the 1-year angiograms. The reopening rates were higher in patients who had received NT SV conduits with pedicle tissue than those who had received NT SV conduits without pedicle tissue.

Inferior vena cava filter (IVCF) embolization is not uncommon and can reach 11,8%. However, device migration to the heart is not frequent and occurs in cases after IVCF fracture. We show the case of a young woman who was submitted to an unremarkable IVCF placement three days before and presented with hemodynamic instability. Since the device was not retrievable, the surgical team opted for an open cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass to remove IVCF.

Background: Pediatric brain tumor survivors are at risk for poor social outcomes. It remains unknown whether cognitive sparing with proton radiotherapy (PRT) supports better social outcomes relative to photon radiotherapy (XRT). We hypothesized that survivors treated with PRT would outperform those treated with XRT on measures of cognitive and social outcomes. Further, we hypothesized that cognitive performance would predict survivor social outcomes. Procedure: Survivors who underwent PRT (n=38) or XRT (n=20) participated in a neurocognitive evaluation >1 year post-radiotherapy. Group differences in cognitive and social functioning were assessed using ANCOVA. Regression analyses examined predictors of peer relations and social skills. Results: Age at evaluation, radiation dose, tumor diameter, and sex did not differ between groups (all p>0.05). However, XRT participants were younger at diagnosis (XRT M=5.0 years, PRT M=7.6 years) and further out from radiotherapy (XRT M=8.7 years, PRT M=4.6 years). The XRT group performed worse than the PRT group on measures of processing speed (p=0.01) and verbal memory (p<0.01); however, social outcomes did not differ by radiation type. The proportion of survivors with impairment in peer relations and social skills exceeded expectation (2(1)=38.67, p<0.001; 2(1)=5.63, p<0.05), and verbal memory approached significance as a unique predictor of peer relations (t=-2.01, p=0.05). Total tumor RT dose significantly predicted social skills (t=-2.23, p<0.05). Conclusions: Regardless of radiation modality, survivors are at risk for social challenges, with one-quarter being socially excluded or undervalued. Deficits in verbal memory may place survivors at particular risk. Results support monitoring of cognitive and social functioning throughout survivorship.

Background Social deficits and dysregulations in dopaminergic midbrain-striato-frontal circuits represent transdiagnostic symptoms across psychiatric disorders. Animal models suggest that modulating interactions between the dopamine and renin-angiotensin system with the angiotensin receptor antagonist Losartan (LT) can modulate learning and reward-related processes. We have therefore determined the behavioral and neural effects of LT on social reward and punishment processing in humans. Methods A pre-registered randomized double-blind placebo-controlled between-subject pharmacological design was combined with a social incentive delay fMRI paradigm during which subjects could avoid social punishment or gain social reward. Healthy volunteers received a single-dose of LT (50mg, n=43) or placebo (n=44). Reaction times and emotional ratings served as behavioral outcomes, on the neural level activation, connectivity and social feedback prediction errors were modelled. Results Relative to placebo, LT switched reaction times and arousal away from prioritizing punishment towards social reward. On the neural level the LT-enhanced motivational salience of social rewards was accompanied by stronger ventral striatum-prefrontal connectivity during reward anticipation and attenuated activity in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and associated connectivity with the bilateral insula in response to punishment during the outcome phase. Computational modelling further revealed an LT-enhanced social reward prediction error signal in VTA and dorsal striatum. Conclusions LT shifted motivational and emotional salience away from social punishment towards social reward via modulating distinct core nodes of the midbrain-striato-frontal circuits. The findings document a modulatory role of the renin-angiotensin system in these circuits and associated social processes, suggesting a promising treatment target to alleviate social dysregulations.

Identifying and quantifying crop stressors interactions in agroecosystems is necessary to guide sustainable crop management strategies. Over the last 50 years, faba bean cropping area has been declining, partly due to yield instabilities associated to uneven insect pollination and herbivory. Yet, interactions between pollinators and a key pest, Bruchus rufimanus (florivorous and seed predating herbivore), on faba bean yield have not been investigated. Using a factorial cage experiment in the field we investigated how interactions between two potential stressors, lack of pollination from Bombus terrestris and herbivory by B. rufimanus, affect faba bean yield. Lack of insect pollination reduced bean weight per plant by 15%. Effects of B. rufimanus herbivory differed between the individual plant and the plant-stand scale (i.e. when averaging individual plant scale responses), likely due to high variation in the level of herbivory among individual plants. At the individual plant scale, B. rufimanus herbivory increased yield but only in the absence of pollinators, possibly due to plant over-compensation and/or pollination by B. rufimanus. At the plant-stand scale, we found no effect of B. rufimanus on yield. However, there was a tendency for heavier individual bean weight with insect pollination, but only when B. rufimanus herbivory was absent, possibly due to a negative effect of B. rufimanus on the proportion of legitimate flower visits by B. terrestris. This is the first experimental evidence of interactive effects of B. terrestris and B. rufimanus on faba bean yield. Our preliminary findings of negative and indirect associations between B. rufimanus and individual bean weight call for a better acknowledgment of these interactions in the field in order to understand drivers of crop yield variability in faba bean. This study showed that herbivory can increase yield, but this effect is only detectable when investigated in combination with lack of pollination.

Immunoglobin G4 – related disease (IgG4-RD) is a chronic fibro-inflammatory condition that presents as a single or multiple tumefactive lesions affecting virtually any organ system. Here we report a case of recurrent sinonasal IgG4-RD and review the literature of this evolving entity.

To explore diversity in cold hardiness mechanisms, high resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to visualize freezing behaviors in wintering flower buds of Daphne kamtschatica var. jezoensis, which have no bud scales surrounding well-developed florets. MRI images showed that anthers remained stably supercooled to -14 ∼ -21°C or lower whilst most other tissues froze by -7°C. Freezing of some anthers detected in MRI images at ∼ -21°C corresponded with numerous low temperature exotherms and also with the “all-or-nothing” type of anther injuries. In ovules/pistils, only embryo sacs remained supercooled at -7°C or lower, but slowly dehydrated during further cooling. Cryomicroscopic observation revealed ice formation in the cavities of calyx tubes and pistils but detected no ice in embryo sacs or in anthers. The distribution of ice nucleation activity in floral tissues corroborated the tissue freezing behaviors. Filaments likely work as the ice blocking barrier that prevents ice intrusion from extracellularly frozen calyx tubes to connecting unfrozen anthers. Unique freezing behaviors were demonstrated in Daphne flower buds: preferential freezing avoidance in male and female gametophytes and their surrounding tissues (by stable supercooling in anthers and by supercooling with slow dehydration in embryo sacs) whilst the remaining tissues tolerate extracellular freezing.

Five Key Points • Subglottic stenosis (SGS) is the commonest tracheobronchial manifestation of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), with early recognition and treatment key to preventing its vasculitic progression and fibrosis. • Previous studies have shown SGS to be the first feature of GPA in 4% of cases. It is not uncommon to see negative biochemical (10% ANCA negative) and negative histological biopsies (77% of head and neck specimens are negative). • Our management strategy emphasized rapid SGS-GPA treatment with limited surgical manipulation of the airway and systemic immunosuppression (IS) to prevent evolution of SGS & concurrent systemic vasculitic relapse. • In our study early multi-disciplinary team involvement to deliver induction IS in the presence of active SGS-GPA led to a procedure free interval (PFI) of 31.3 months. This is a significant increase compared to other published studies. • Nineteen percent (4/21) of the cohort did not require any surgical input following induction IS.

Transthoracic and transesophageal imaging of the 30-year-old patient who presented with palpitations and shortness of breath revealed flow from the aorta to the right atrium. Aortic-right atrial fistula, which is a rare anomaly, was evaluated. It was considered congenital, as there was no acquired cause. Since the patient was symptomatic, it was closed percutaneously with the Amplatzer Duct Occluder II device.

The paper focuses on applying the octonions to explore the influence of the external torque on the angular momentum of fluid elements, revealing the interconnection of the external torque and the vortices of vortex streets. J. C. Maxwell was the first to introduce the quaternions to study the physical properties of electromagnetic fields. The contemporary scholars utilize the quaternions and octonions to investigate the electromagnetic theory, gravitational theory, quantum mechanics, special relativity, general relativity and curved spaces and so forth. The paper adopts the octonions to describe the electromagnetic and gravitational theories, including the octonionic field potential, field strength, linear momentum, angular momentum, torque and force and so on. In case the octonion force is equal to zero, it is able to deduce eight independent equations, including the fluid continuity equation, current continuity equation, and force equilibrium equation and so forth. Especially, one of the eight independent equations will uncover the interrelation of the external torque and angular momentums of fluid elements. One of its inferences is that the direction, magnitude and frequency of the external torque must impact the direction and curl of the angular momentum of fluid elements, altering the frequencies of Karman vortex streets within the fluids. It means that the external torque is interrelated with the velocity circulation, by means of the liquid viscosity. The external torque is able to exert an influence on the direction of downwash flows, improving the lift and drag characteristics generated by the fluids.

In this paper, by introducing a new singular fractional difference comparison theorem, the existence of maximal and minimal quasi-solutions are proved for the singular fractional difference system with maxima combined with the method of upper and lower solutions and the monotone iterative technique. Finally, we give an example to show the validity of the established results.

Because DNA metabarcoding typically employs sequence diversity among mitochondrial amplicons to estimate species composition, nuclear mitochondrial pseudogenes (NUMTs) can inflate diversity. This study quantifies the incidence and attributes of NUMTs derived from the 658 bp barcode region of cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) in 156 marine animal genomes. The number of NUMTs meeting four length criteria (>150 bp, >300 bp, >450 bp, >600 bp) was determined, and they were examined to ascertain if they could be recognized by their possession of indels or stop codons. In total, 389 NUMTs <100 bp were detected, with an average of 2.49 per species (range = 0–50) and a mean length of 336 bp +/- 208 bp. Among NUMTs lacking diagnostic features, 52.5% were ≤300 bp, 63.9% were ≤450 bp, and 76.2% were ≤600 bp. Studies examing 150 bp amplicons inflate the OTU count by 1.57x compared to the true species count and increase perceived intraspecific variation at COI by 1.19x (when sequence variants with >2% sequence divergence are recognized as different OTUs). There was a weak positive correlation between genome size and NUMT count but no variation among phyla, trophic groups or life history traits. While bioinformatic advances will improve NUMT detection, the best defense involves targeting long amplicons and developing reference databases that include both mitochondrial sequences and their NUMT derivatives.

Healthy pregnancy is accompanied by various immunological and metabolic adaptations. Maternal obesity has been implicated in adverse pregnancy outcomes such as miscarriage, preeclampsia, and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), while posing a risk to the neonate. There is a lack of knowledge surrounding obesity and the maternal immune system. The objective of this study was to consider if immunological changes in pregnancy are sabotaged by maternal obesity. Peripheral blood was collected from fasted GDM-negative pregnant women at 26-28 weeks of gestation. Analysis was done using immunoassay, flow cytometry, bioenergetics analysis and cell culture. The plasma profile was significantly altered with increasing BMI, specifically leptin (r=0.7635), MCP-1 (r=0.3024) and IL-6 (r=0.4985). Circulating leukocyte populations were also affected with changes in the relative abundance of intermediate monocytes (r=-0.2394), CD4:CD8 T cell ratios (r=0.2789), and NKT cells (r=-0.2842). Monocytes analysed in more detail revealed elevated CCR2 expression and decreased mitochondrial content. However, LPS-stimulated cytokine production and bioenergetic profile of MNCs was not affected by maternal BMI. The Th profile skews towards Th17 with increasing BMI; Th2 (r=-0.3202) and Th9 (r=-0.3205) cells were diminished in maternal obesity, and CytoStimTM-stimulation exacerbates IL-6 (r=0.4166), IL-17A (r=0.2753), IL-17F (r=0.2973) and IL-22 (r=0.2257) production with BMI, while decreasing IL-4 (r=-0.2806). Maternal obesity during pregnancy creates an inflammatory microenvironment. Successful pregnancy requires Th2-biased responses yet increasing maternal BMI favours a Th17 response that could be detrimental to pregnancy. Further research should investigate key populations of cells identified here to further understand the immunological challenges that beset pregnant women with obesity.

Echocardiography is commonly utilized in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) for assessment of cardiac function, volume status, and the potential development of acute cor pulmonale. In severe ARDS, prone positioning is frequently used, which imposes technical challenges during transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) image acquisition. Moreover, prone positioning can affect cardiopulmonary function in ways that are reflected on the echocardiographic findings in this position. Historically, a transesophageal approach was recommended when a patient is prone, with few studies reporting utility of TTE in this setting. However, recent publications have begun to address this knowledge gap. This review explores recent literature addressing the use of TTE in prone patients with ARDS, with a special focus on the cardiopulmonary effects of proning and potential solutions to the technical difficulties that arise in this position.

Keratoacanthomas (KA) are epithelial tumors that present as rapidly evolving nodules with a central hyperkeratotic plug, and occasionally show signs of spontaneous regression. A 21-years-old patient strongly refused the diagnostic biopsy and insisted on a non surgical treatment. He was successfully treated with imiquimod 5% cream.

Therapeutic proteins, including monoclonal antibodies, are typically manufactured using clonally-derived, stable host cell lines, since consistent and predictable cell culture performance is highly desirable. However, selecting and preparing banks of stable clones takes considerable time, which inevitably extends overall development timelines for new therapeutics by delaying the start of subsequent activities, such as the scale-up of manufacturing processes. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, with its intense pressure for accelerated development strategies, we used a novel transposon-based Leap-In Transposase® system to rapidly generate high-titer stable pools and then used them directly for large scale-manufacturing of an anti-SARS-CoV2 monoclonal antibody under cGMP. We performed the safety testing of our non-clonal cell bank, then used it to produce material at a 200L-scale for pre-clinical safety studies and formulation development work, and thereafter at 2000L scale for supply of material for a Phase 1 clinical trial. Testing demonstrated the comparability of critical product qualities between the two scales and, more importantly, that our final clinical trial product met all pre-set product quality specifications. The above expediated approach provided clinically-ready material within 4.5 months, in comparison to 12-14 months for production of clinical trial material via the conventional approach.

It is generally assumed that there is a relationship between microbial diversity and multiple ecosystem functions. Although it is indisputable that microbial diversity is controlled by stochastic and deterministic ecological assembly processes, the relationship between these processes and soil multifunctionality (SMF) remains less clear. In this study, we examined how different grassland restoration treatments, namely harvest only, topsoil removal and topsoil removal plus propagule addition, affected i) soil bacterial and fungal community stochasticity, ii) SMF, and iii) the relationship between community stochasticity and SMF. Results showed that soil microbial community stochasticity decreased in all the three restoration treatments, while SMF increased. Soil multifunctionality was found to be significantly and negatively correlated with soil microbial community stochasticity. Plant diversity and plant C/N indirectly influenced SMF by regulating the microbial community stochasticity. Our findings provide empirical evidence that when deterministic community assembly processes dominate in soils, then higher microbial functioning is expected.