The pre-treatment of lignocellulose material toward cellulosic bioethanol production releases microbial inhibitors that severely limit the fermentation ability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This study evaluated to what degree robust xylose capable strains may improve the fermentability of non-detoxified sugarcane bagasse (SCB) slurries derived from steam explosion (StEX), and further compared this to slurries derived from ammonia fibre expansion (AFEX) pre-treatment. Initial screening in separate hydrolyses and co-fermentation processes using StEx-SCB hydrolysates identified S. cerevisiae TP-1 and CelluXTM4 with higher xylose consumption (≥ 88%) and ethanol concentrations (≥ 50 g/L). Subsequent fermentations compared StEx and AFEX pre-treated SCB material under industrially relevant fed-batch pre-hydrolysis simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (PSSCF) conditions, which resulted in only 3 g/L differences in ethanol titres for StEx and AFEX PSSCF fermentations. The study achieved non-detoxified whole-slurry co-fermentation using StEx pre-treated SCB, with higher ethanol yields than previously reported, by utilising robust xylose-capable strains.

Ectopic origin of the right coronary artery from the left sinus of Valsalva is an extremely rare anomaly of coronary arterial morphology, often incidentally discovered and clinically silent. We, hereunder, experienced a case of ectopic origin of the right coronary artery from the left sinus of Valsalva.

Objective: Prematurity [gestational age (GA)<34w] is a relative contraindication to vacuum extraction (VE). Current data do not discriminate clearly between prematurity and low-birthweight (LBW). We aimed to evaluate the impact of non-metal vacuum cup extraction on neonatal head injuries related to birth-trauma (HI), among newborns with LBW (<2,500g). Design: A retrospective cohort. Population: 3,335 singleton pregnancies, delivered by VE from 2014 to 2019. All were >34w GA. Methods: We compared 207 (6.2%) neonates with LBW <2,500g to 3,128 (93.8%) neonates with higher BW, divided into 3 subgroups (2,500-2,999g, 3,000-3,499g, and >3,500g). Main outcome measures: HI and other neonatal complications. Results: The lowest rates of subgaleal hematoma occurred in neonates <2,500g (0.5%) and increased with every additional 500g of neonatal birthweight (3.2%, 4.4% and 7.6% in 2,500-2,999g, 3,000-3,499g, and >3,500g groups, respectively; p=0.001). Fewer cephalohematomas occurred among LBW neonates (0.5% in <2,500g) and increased with every additional 500g of birthweight (2.6%, 3.3% and 3.8% in 2,500-2,999g, 3,000-3,499g, and >3,500g groups, respectively, p=0.026). Logistic regression found increasing birthweight as a significant risk-factor for head injuries during VE, with adjusted odds ratios of 8.874, 10.624, 13.980 for 2,500-2,999g, 3,000-3,499g, and >3,500g, respectively (p=0.015). NICU hospitalization rates were highest among neonates weighing <2,500g (10.1%) compared to the other groups (2.7%, 1.7% and 3.3% in 2,500-2,999g, 3,000-3,499g, >3,500g respectively, p=0.000). Conclusions: VE of neonates weighing <2500g at 34w and beyond seems as a safe mode of delivery when indicated, with lower rates of HI, compared to neonates with higher BW. Funding: none.

The current paper presents a semi-analytical method for obtaining J-R curves of round bars with elliptical cracks. This method derives the semi-analytical expressions between load and displacement, J-integral and displacement for surface-cracked round bars, based on the energy density equivalence principle, taking into account the effect of material and crack size. The validity of semi-analytical expressions examined by three-dimensional finite element analysis shows that load~displacement curves and J-integral~load curves predicted by the expressions match well with the simulation results. Through fracture toughness testing conducted on the carbon steel 45, the load~displacement data are used to calculate the average J-R curves for the surface-cracked round bar by the semi-analytical expressions. With the distributions of J-integral along the crack front obtained from three-dimensional finite element analyses, this study also determines the J-R curves at different crack-front points.

In this paper, we study the simplest quadratic matrix equation: $\mathcal{Q}(X)=X^2+BX+C=0$. We transform this equation into an equivalent fixed-point equation and based on it we construct the Krasnoselskij method. From this transformation, we can obtain iterative schemes more accurate than successive approximation method. Moreover, under suitable conditions, we establish different results for the existence and localization of a solution for this equation with the Krasnoselskij method. Finally, we see numerically that the predictor-corrector iterative scheme with the Krasnoselskij method as a predictor and the Newton method as corrector method, can improves the numerical application of the Newton method when approximating a solution of the quadratic matrix equation.

Hepatoprotective effects of metformin in hepatitis C virus-infected adolescents with beta thalassemia major Dear Editor;We read the recently published article by Abdel Monem et al.1 with great interest. The authors reported that metformin in antiviral naïve adolescents with beta thalassemia major (β-TM) infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), can improve oxidative stress, as well as liver fibrosis, transaminases, and some symptoms. They proposed metformin as an option for its hepatoprotective effects in these patients until the initiation of antiviral agents.Repeated transfusions expose patients with thalassemia to HCV infection2. Although cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma are infrequent in children with this infection, in patients with thalassemia the presence of iron overload can increase the likelihood of progression of liver fibrosis 3. So, the idea of using hepatoprotective agents in these patients seems appealing. Based on the importance of the issue, we think several points regarding the article are worth to be discussed.Abdel Monem et al. included “HCV-infected β-TM patients” in their study. However, the diagnosis of HCV was based only on detecting anti-HCV antibody. Although spontaneous clearance of HCV infection in patients with thalassemia occurs less compared with patients without thalassemia, there is still a chance for it 4. Hence, the interpretation of a positive HCV antibody test and differentiation of current infection from a resolved infection, or even a false-positive result 5 is not possible. Indeed, it is emphasized to confirm the diagnosis of HCV in patients with positive anti-HCV antibody, with detecting viremia 6.Moreover, the study record in the registry of clinical trials raises questions regarding the inclusion criteria. The authors addressed the ClinicalTrials.gov registration number of NCT02984475. The inclusion criteria of the registered trial are patients with thalassemia regardless of their HCV serostatus. It is quite informative for the audiences if the authors elaborate on why the inclusion criteria have changed.In the study, the score of liver stiffness and fibrosis grade were investigated by FibroScan. In table 3, changes in liver stiffness score for 30 patients in the control group and 27 patients in the metformin group were shown. However, for the fibrosis grade at baseline (table 1) and its changes (figure 4), only the data of 26 and 25 patients in the control and metformin group were presented, respectively. Since both parameters were assessed with the same scan, it was presumed to have the data of the same number of patients for liver stiffness score and fibrosis grade.In the method section, it was mentioned that randomization of the patients into two groups was based on 1:1 allocation. Thus, within the 60 patients randomized, it was assumed to have two groups of 30 participants. However, the control and the placebo group included 31 and 29 patients, respectively.Among the participants, there were 12 patients with liver fibrosis of grade ≥ 3 at baseline. Moreover, in 19 patients, the grade of liver fibrosis deteriorated at the end of the study. So, deciding to postpone the initiation of antiviral treatment seems to be discussable. The authors mentioned that during the recruitment after the approval of direct acting antivirals (DAAs) if patients “had the chance to receive antiviral treatment” they could leave the study. As shown in figure 1, there was only one patient who left the study for this reason. It is not clear what the chance of receiving antiviral treatment depended on. It should be noted that even before the era of DAAs, there was evidence supporting the treatment of patients with β-TM and HCV with pegylated interferon and ribavirin 7-9.Author Contributions: Both authors contributed in the concept and drafting the manuscriptFunding: NoneAcknowledgements; NoneDisclosures: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.References:1. Abdel Monem MS, Farid SF, Abbassi MM, et al. The potential hepatoprotective effect of metformin in hepatitis C virus‐infected adolescent patients with beta thalassemia major: Randomised clinical trial. International Journal of Clinical Practice. 2021:e14104.2. Daher HB, Sharara AI. Treatment of Chronic HCV Infection in Patients With Thalassemia. Clinical liver disease. 2019;14(6):199.3. Spearman CW, Dusheiko GM, Hellard M, et al. Hepatitis C.Lancet . 2019; 394: 1451–14664. Kamal S, Abdelhakam S, Ghoraba D, et al. The course of hepatitis C infection and response to anti-viral therapy in patients with thalassemia major and hepatitis C infection: a longitudinal, prospective study. Mediterranean journal of hematology and infectious diseases. 2019;11(1).5. Squires JE, Balistreri WF. Hepatitis C virus infection in children and adolescents. Hepatology communications. 2017;1(2):87-98.6. Ghany MG, Morgan TR, panel AIhCg. Hepatitis C guidance 2019 update: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases–Infectious Diseases Society of America recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology.2020;71(2):686-721.7. Di Marco V, Capra M, Angelucci E, et al. Management of chronic viral hepatitis in patients with thalassemia: recommendations from an international panel. Blood, The Journal of the American Society of Hematology. 2010;116(16):2875-2883.8. Aminizadeh E, Alavian SM, Sari AA, Daryani NE, Behnava B. Safety and efficacy of adding ribavirin to interferon or peginterferon in treatment of hepatitis C infection in patients with thalassemia: a systematic review on randomized controlled trials. Hepatitis monthly.2016;16(3).9. Borgna-Pignatti C, Gamberini MR. Complications of thalassemia major and their treatment. Expert review of hematology.2011;4(3):353-366.

The author advances that contemporary Western culture is marked by a self-induced ignorance of Scripture, as well as a secular age antagonism. He proposes by pointing to four vector for recovery the doctrine of canonicity. The author concludes with a personal appeal.

One of the surgical options available for ischemic mitral regurgitation is mitral valve repair but is limited by recurrent regurgitation as it is experienced by a significant percent of patients and has a negative impact on patient outcomes. Efforts to model and identify predictors of recurrent MR rely on complicated echocardiographic and clinical measurements that are subjective and not routinely collected. Kachroo et. al. approached this problem in a unique way by using the STS database and Machine Learning to develop models that predict recurrent MR or death at one year. The STS database contains many routinely collected demographic and clinical parameters but requires a methodology, such as Machine Learning, that will accommodate collinearity and the unknown significance of many predictors. Kachroo et. al. developed three good Machine Learning models with AUC 0.72-0.75. Data- driven selection of important predictors showed that three revascularization targets, peripheral vascular disease and use of beta blockers are most predictive of recurrent mitral regurgitation. We applaud the authors in pioneering a novel methodology and paving the way for a bright future in Machine Learning which includes integrating medical imaging, waveform, and genomic data to practice personalized medicine for our patients.

This paper develops a data-driven autonomous method for detection of fatigue damage and classification of the associated damage risk in mechanical structures, based on ultrasonic signal energy. The underlying concept is built upon attenuation of the signal and stability of the attenuation process. The attenuation provides pertinent information for damage quantification, whereas the stability represents resistance towards the fatigue damage growth. The proposed neural network (NN) model has been trained using the scaled conjugate-gradient back-propagation method. The NN model is capable of damage detection and damage classification into five classes of increasing risk. The Daubechies wavelet transform has been used to reduce the noisy pattern of the ultrasonic signal energy by using the associated approximation coefficients. The results show that the proposed method of approximation signal energy can detect and classify the damage with an accuracy of up to ∼ 9 8 . 5 % .

In this article, we investigate a discrete-time risk model. The risk model includes the quota- (α,β) reinsurance contract effect on the surplus process. The premium process and claim process are assumed to be m-dependent sequences of i.i.d. non-negative random variables. Using Martingale and inductive methods, we obtain upper bounds for ultimate ruin probability of an insurance company. Finally, we present a numerical example to show the efficiency of the methods.

Interspecific gene flow by hybridization may weaken species barriers and adaptive divergence, but can also initiate reinforcement of reproductive isolation trough natural and sexual selection. The extent of interspecific gene flow and its consequences for the initiation and maintenance of species barriers in natural systems remain poorly understood, however. To assess genome-wide patterns of gene flow between the two closely related European dung fly species Sepsis cynipsea and Sepsis neocynipsea (Diptera: Sepsidae), we tested for historical gene flow with the aid of ABBA-BABA test using whole-genome resequencing data from pooled DNA of male specimens originating from natural and laboratory populations. We contrasted genome-wide variation in DNA sequence differences between samples from sympatric populations of the two species in France and Switzerland with that of interspecific differences between pairs of samples involving allopatric populations from Estonia and Italy. In the French Cevennes, we detected a relative excess of DNA sequence identity, suggesting interspecific gene flow in sympatry. In contrast, at two sites in Switzerland, we observed a relative depletion of DNA sequence identity compatible with reinforcement of species boundaries in sympatry. Our results suggest that the species boundaries between S. cynipsea and S. neocynipsea in Europe depend on the eco-geographic context.

Food security is one of the main topics of today's agriculture especially facing challenging environmental conditions. As most humankind has a daily intake of cereal grains, current breeding programs focus on these crop plants. Within the breeders' toolbox, customised endonucleases became included after this universal application had been demonstrated. Due to technological restrictions, the main focus was on aboveground plant organs, while the essential belowground has been given only limited attention. In the present review, we summarise the knowledge on the root system architecture in cereals, the importance of phytohormones in this physiological process, and the molecular mechanisms involved. The review summarises how the use of the CRISPR methodology can improve the root system architecture to enhance crop production genetically. Finally, future research directions involving all this knowledge and technical advances are suggested.

The natural regeneration of native broadleaved species underneath forest monoculture plantations is important to recover ecosystem functions and to mitigate adverse environmental effects. To understand how seed rain and soil seed banks facilitate natural regeneration, we surveyed their density and composition in a monoculture Chinese fir plantation, a mixed Chinese fir–broadleaf plantation, and an adjacent natural broadleaved forest for two years in southern China. Twenty-eight species (16 families) were in seed rain, and 45 species (27 families) were in soil seed banks. Seed rain density did not differ significantly across stands; however, the number of taxa in seed rain was highest in the mixed plantation and lowest in the natural forest. Seed bank density was significantly higher in the mixed plantation than in the other stands. The Sørensen similarity indices of species composition between seed sources and aboveground vegetation were relatively low (<0.50). In addition, the seeds of native tree species common to the seed banks of the three forests indicated the adjacent natural forest was a seed source for the natural regeneration of native species in forest plantations. To augment regeneration and accelerate the rate of conversion, we recommend direct seeding or planting of desired species.

Genome editing and gene expression engineering using CRISPR-Cas systems in plants usually rely on labor-intensive tissue culture approaches to generate stably transformed plants that express the components of the reaction. Viral vectors have demonstrated to be a quick and effective alternative to express multiple guide RNAs, DNA templates for homologous recombination, and even Cas nucleases. Here we have developed an improved vector system based on tobacco rattle virus (TRV) to simplify logistics in genome editing and gene silencing approaches. The new system consists in a single Agrobacterium tumefaciens clone co-transformed with two compatible mini binary vectors from which TRV RNA1 and an engineered version of TRV RNA2 are expressed. Sequences of recombinant proteins, gene fragments for virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) or guide RNAs can be easily inserted by one-step digestion-ligation and homology-based cloning methods in the RNA2 plasmid to produce vectors with a size substantially smaller than usual. Using this new one-Agrobacterium TRV mini vector system, we show robust VIGS of an endogenous host gene after infiltration of bacterial suspensions at low optical densities, and efficient production of recombinant proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana. Most importantly, we also show highly efficient heritable genome editing in more than half of the seedling originating from inoculated N. benthamiana plants that express Cas9.

AbstractWhile the 10-year survival rate for localized prostate cancer patients is very good (>98%), side effects of treatment may limit quality of life significantly. Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common burden associated with increasing age as well as prostate cancer treatment. Although many studies have investigated the factors affecting erectile dysfunction (ED) after prostate cancer treatment, only limited studies have investigated whether ED can be predicted before the start of treatment. The advent of machine learning (ML) based prediction tools in oncology offers a promising approach to improve accuracy of prediction and quality of care. Predicting ED may help aid shared decision making by making the advantages and disadvantages of certain treatments clear, so that a tailored treatment for an individual patient can be chosen. This study aimed to predict ED at 1-year and 2-year post-diagnosis based on patient demographics, clinical data and patient-reported outcomes (PROMs) measured at diagnosis. We used a subset of the ProZIB dataset collected by the Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organization (Integraal Kankercentrum Nederland; IKNL) that contained information on 964 localized prostate cancer cases from 69 Dutch hospitals for model training and external validation. Two models were generated using a logistic regression algorithm coupled with Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE). The first predicted ED 1 year post-diagnosis and required 10 pre-treatment variables; the second predicted ED 2 years post-diagnosis with the same number of pre-treatment variables. The validation AUCs were 0.84 and 0.81 for 1 year and 2 years post-diagnosis respectively. In conclusion, we successfully developed and validated two models that predicted ED in patients with localized prostate cancer. These models will allow physicians and patients alike to make informed evidence-based decisions about the most suitable treatment with quality of life in mind.Keywords:  Prostate cancer, Personalized medicine, Machine learning, Shared decision making, Prediction model, Erectile dysfunction

In the study “Long-term outcomes following surgical repair of coronary artery fistula in adults”, Wada and associates, retrospectively evaluated 13 consecutive patients that underwent surgical repair of CAF No deaths, significant ST-T changes or CAF-related events were reported in a follow-up period of 66.2 months, and 1 patient showed poor contrast RCA#2 on postoperative coronary CT with a myocardial scintigraphy showing no significant change compared to the preoperative state Coronary artery fistulas (CAF) are rare congenital or acquired malformations in the connection of the coronary vessels, first described by Krause in 1865 (2). They can be classified as coronary-cameral fistulas, which connect coronary arteries with any of the heart chambers, or coronary artery malformations, which connect coronary arteries with systemic or pulmonary vessels. Congenital CAFs are normally a result of abnormal embryological development, acquired CAFs are commonly a result of cardiac traumatic injuries, and iatrogenic CAFs are usually a result of interventional cardiac procedures. This condition is still highly undiagnosed, as around 75% of incidentally-found CAFs are small and clinically silent, but it is estimated that CAFs are present in about 0.9% of the general population In our experience, we have a CAF incidence of 0.05% in 10,000 cardiac surgeries, which have demonstrated beneficial outcomes of the surgical repair of CAFs in adults . Authors of this article must be congratulated for the successful development of the study and for the contributions to the literature on this rare condition

Introduction: Cardiac point-of-care ultrasound (c-POCUS) is an increasingly implemented diagnostic tool with the potential to guide clinical management. We sought to characterize and analyze the existing c-POCUS literature with a focus on the temporal trends and differences across specialties. Methods: A literature search for c-POCUS and related terms was conducted using Ovid (MEDLINE and Embase) and Web of Science databases through 2020. Eligible publications were classified by publication type and topic, author specialty, geographical region of senior author, and journal specialty. Results: The initial search produced 1761 potential publications. A strict definition of c-POCUS yielded a final total of 574 cardiac POCUS manuscripts. A yearly increase in c-POCUS publications was observed. Nearly half of publications were original research (48.8%) followed by case report or series (22.8%). Most publications had an emergency medicine senior author (37.5%), followed by cardiology (20.2%), anesthesiology (12.2%), and critical care (12.2%). The proportion authored by emergency medicine and cardiologists has decreased over time while those by anesthesiology and critical care has generally increased, particularly over the last decade. First authorship demonstrated a similar trend. Articles were published at similar numbers in emergency medicine journals (23.0%) and cardiology journals (19.9%). Conclusion: The annual number of c-POCUS publications has steadily increased over time reflecting the increased recognition and utilization of c-POCUS. This study can help inform clinicians of the current state of c-POCUS and augment the discussion surrounding barriers to continued adoption across all specialties.

Whipple's endocarditis is a rare culture-negative endocarditis caused by Tropheryma whipplei, an intracellular gram-positive organism. Here, we present a case of a 60-year-old male who presented with transient ischemic attack and was found to have an aortic valve mass. Following successful excision, histopathologic assessment of the lesion was consistent with calcified amorphous aortic tumor, a rare non-neoplastic hamartomatous mass of the heart. However, 16s rRNA and 18s rRNA sequencing detected Tropheryma whipplei, and the diagnosis of Whipple's endocarditis was made.

The effects of different substituents located at the para position of the aromatic ring and β carbon atom of the styrene on the reaction were investigated. The results showed that the reaction steps with higher energy barriers changed a little with the substituents of the reactants, which indicates that the reaction has a good adaptability to reactants containing different substituents. It was found the proton transfer in the final tautomerism step of nitroso intermediate to oxime is the rate limiting step under anhydrous conditions. Although the solvent effect did not influence the the rate limiting step significantly, the water mediated proton transfer significantly decreased the energy barrier of final tautomerism step. Compared with the direct proton transfer in vacuum, the energy barrier of the final tautomerism step decreased from 57.80kcal/mol in vacuum to 12.98kcal/mol with the water mediated proton transfer in water, which declined by 77.5%. When water participates in rate-limiting steps in organic solvents, the energy barrier also decreases significantly, which indicates that a small amount of water in the organic solvent is conducive to the reaction. This study is of great significance for the application of bifunctionalized reaction in the synthesis of organic fluoride compounds with different substituents.

Hydrogen sulphide (H2S), as a new gas signal molecule, participates in the regulation of a variety of abiotic stresses in plants. However, it was unclear how H2S and rhizobia can together to affect the adaptation of soybean to water deficiency. Here, the adaptation mechanism of H2S and rhizobia in soybean to water deficiency was studied. Our results showed that H2S and rhizobia jointly enhanced leaf chlorophyll content, the relative water content (RWC) and caused an increase biomass in soybean under water deficiency. Besides, under water deficiency, H2S enhanced biomass by affecting nodule numbers and nitrogenase activity during the growth of soybean. The expression of soybean nodulation marker genes including early nodulin 40 (GmENOD40), ERF required for nodulation (GmERN), and nodulation inception genes were up-regulated by H2S and rhizobia in nodules. Moreover, the combined effect of H2S and rhizobia were proved to affect the enzyme activities and gene expression level of antioxidant, as well as osmotic protective substance under water deficiency. In addition, the metabolomics results provided that the changes of lipids and lipid-like molecules were remarkably promoted by the combined effect of H2S and rhizobia. Thus, H2S and rhizobia synergistically subsided the oxidative damage by increasing the accumulation of metabolites and strengthening the antioxidant capacity under water deficiency.

2q13 CNV was associated with various diseases, with a lack of consensus. By CMA analysis, we found that four fetuses had deletion in the proximal region of 2q13, one had duplication, and one had duplication in the distal region of 2q13; however, they had variable outcomes.

SLE is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by multisystem inflammation, Vesiculobullous (VB) are different groups of oral disorders characterized by the formation of bullae. The aim of this report is to describe a case of a vesiculobullous disease in SLE.

The Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) gene variants are associated with the disease phenotypes. The pathogenic mutation, c.2293-1G>C, was detected in DMD gene in the proband and the fetus, which has not been reported in the literature.The minigene expression in vitro confirmed that c.2293-1G>C is responsible of aberrant splicing.

Enriching foods with long-chain (LC) n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) requires a delivery emulsion system, which is both thermodynamically and oxidatively stable. The antioxidant and stabilizing properties of three types of polysaccharide extracts from brown algae Saccharina latissima with mixed composition of polysaccharides (SA: 98% Sodium alginate, SF: 90% alginate and 9% fucoidan, SL: 14.5% fucoidan, 9.5% laminarin and co-extracted non-polysaccharides) were evaluated. SA, SF, SL and REF (added commercial sodium alginate) all showed in vitro ferrous ion chelating ability in the order: SA(99%)>SL(78%)>REF(31%)>SF(16%). The difference in antioxidant activity between SA, REF and SF appeared related to structural differences of alginate (M/G ratio). A storage trial was conducted using 70% (w/w) fish oil-in-water delivery emulsions added sodium caseinate (NaCas) (0.23 wt%) as emulsifier in combination with SA, SF, SL or commercial NaAlg (REF) in different concentrations (C1=0.1, C2=0.2 C3=0.3 and C4=0.4 wt%). A control with only NaCas were included (CON). The physical (e.g. creaming and droplet-size distribution) and oxidative (peroxide value and volatiles) stability of the emulsions, were evaluated (12 days, dark at 20˚C). Acceptable physical stability (creaming index, CI) was found for, REF (all concentrations), SF=0.2 wt% (C2), SL and SA=0.3 wt% (C3) and 0.4 wt% (C4). In general, the oxidative stability decreased by adding REF, SA and SF (except for REF at C1), as prooxidant activity was observed. However, SA showed antioxidant activity against formation of 2-ethylfuran. SL showed antioxidant activity in decreasing formation of volatile compounds in emulsions when added in concentrations above 0.2 wt%.