Mapping the SOC distributions in coastal wetlands plays an important role in assessing ecosystem services, predicting the greenhouse effects and investigating global carbon cycle. Few research has explored the relationships of SOC and environmental variables with seasonal changes, and the effects of multi-temporal environmental variables on Digital Soil Mapping (DSM). The results showed that the relationships between SOC and environmental variables in different months varied significantly in coastal wetlands of the Yellow River Delta (YRD). In general, the environmental variables in wet season showed stronger correlations and higher importance scores with SOC compared with those in dry season. In addition, SOC prediction models based on multi-temporal data in wet season and mono-temporal data in April had stronger prediction performance compared with those based on multi-temporal data in dry season. As a result, data fusion of multi-temporal data did not necessarily contribute to the model performance enhancement. Relative homogenous soil-landscape attributes and spectral characteristics in coastal wetlands of the YRD in dry season could not accurately explain the strong spatial variation of SOC in this area, and it might be the major reason that caused the stronger model performance of soil prediction models based on wet season than those based on dry season. Therefore, the accurate spatial prediction of soil properties requires the characterization of the seasonal dynamics of soil-landscape relationships. In general, the findings of this research demonstrated that the selection of the environmental variables in the establishment of DSM model should consider the seasonal effects of environmental variables.

- We retrospectively evaluated a large series of patients (n: 15) underwent a modified transmanubrial approach for wide mediastinal resection in case of malignance thyroid mass - In fourteen cases, also with thyroid tumor involving the middle line. A bilateral mTMA was necessary to perform a cava vein resection. - No major postoperative and cutaneous/sternum complications were detected. - mTMA allows an optimal exposure of the upper thoracic inlet achieving a complete radical oncological resection of the tumor/lymph-node and a safety vascular/tracheal control. - As a limitation, the modified mTMA is anatomically more demanding and not familiar for most surgeons in comparison to sternotomy

This is the first time since the pandemic began with isolated cases in the early fall of 2019 in the city of Wuhan (CCP-China) that health authorities have completely lost control of the pandemic's development without having any tool to counteract this evolving event. Sars-CoV-2 Omicron is unstoppable.

The equivalence of space–time and energy are the principle that everything that has space and time has an equivalent amount of energy, and vice versa. It is presented here as an axiom that has become widespread in physics and astrophysics.

The differential diagnosis of cardiac myxomas (CM), the most common benign primary cardiac tumors, is broad and a thorough diagnostic workup is required to establish accurate diagnosis prior to surgical resection. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is usually the first imaging modality used for diagnosis of suspected CM. Purpose In a single tertiary centre study, we sought to determine the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of TTE in the diagnosis of CM and to determine echocardiographic characteristics indicative of CM. Methods and results We retrospectively analyzed clinical, echocardiographic, and pathohistological findings of 73 patients consecutively admitted for suspected CM. After diagnostic workup, 53 (73%) patients were treated surgically at our institution. Based on preoperative TTE, patients were divided into a CM group (n=45, 85%) and non-myxoma (NM) group. Of the 53 pathohistological specimens obtained during surgery, 39 (73%) were CM. The sensitivity and specificity of preoperative echocardiography were 97% and 50%, respectively. The overall accuracy was 85%. All NM tumors were found in an atypical location and 72% of CM were found in a typical position in the left atrium (p<0.001). Tumors in NM group were significantly smaller than CM (24.3±13.2 mm vs 37.9±18.3 mm, p=0.017). Conclusion Our study confirms very good accuracy of TTE in the diagnosis of CM. The most important echocardiographic characteristics to differentiate between CM and tumors of different etiology are tumor location and size. Smaller tumors presenting at an atypical location are less likely to be diagnosed as CM, and these require additional imaging modalities for accurate diagnosis.

The deformation and detachment of bacterial biofilm are related to the structural and mechanical properties of the biofilm itself. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) play an important role on keeping the mechanical stability of biofilms. The understanding of biofilm mechanics and detachment can help to reveal biofilm survival mechanisms under fluid shear and provide insight about what flows might be needed to remove biofilm in a cleaning cycle or for a ship to remove biofilms. However, how the EPS may affect biofilm mechanics and its deformation in flow conditions remains elusive. To address this, a coupled computational fluid dynamic – discrete element method (CFD-DEM) model was developed. The mechanisms of biofilm detachment, such as erosion and sloughing have been revealed by imposing hydrodynamic fluid flow at different velocities and loading rates. The model, which also allows adjustment of the proportion of different functional group of microorganisms in the biofilm, enables the study of the contribution of EPS towards biofilm resistance to fluid shear stress. Furthermore, the stress-strain curves during biofilm deformation have been captured by loading and unloading fluid shear stress to study the viscoelastic properties of the biofilm.

An efficient method for the Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime (CHO) catalyzed by trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA) is proposed in this work. The effects of experimental parameters on the reaction rate are studied, including CHO concentration, TFAA/CHO ratio, temperature, and CPL concentration. The reaction rate shows a linear relationship with TFAA/CHO ratio and reduces with the increasing of CPL concentration. Based on the experimental data and the study of in-situ FTIR, a reaction mechanism is proposed and the equilibrium relationship between CPL and TFAA is established. A rate constant model is developed and is in good agreement with the experimental results. The TFAA/TFA catalytic system allows high conversion and reaction rate compared with other organic acids.

We classify the dynamic patterns that emerge in charging or discharging of Li-ion batteries, under galvanostatic conditions, using simulations of the two-phase 1D porous model. This work examines the effect of exchange current function, R0(X), which expresses the nature of kinetics and extends our previous study limited to R0=1 for which the same pattern emerges, whether homogeneous or step-wise process made of multiple symmetry breaking events. With the commonly-used asymmetric R0(X) the emerging pattern may be one of the two above or fronts that follow single SB event and lithiation/delithiation behaviors are different. These effects are clear when parameters are uniform; non-uniformity leads to noise that mask the behavior. The full 4-variable model exhibits SB, even in absence of noise, since the liquid potential gradient ( ) works like a perturbation. Similarity between noise and gradient effects allows us to derive approximations to full model behavior, and study various effects.

A document by Mariem Tabka. Click on the document to view its contents.

Drug-induced enterocolitis syndrome with paracetamol (acetaminophen) in a 12-month-old-old boy B.Pascalab, B.Evrardac, E.Merlinbc, C.Egronb, B.Bonnetac, E.Michaudba Service d’immunologie, hôpital Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-ferrand, Franceb Service de pédiatrie générale, hôpital Estaing, Clermont-ferrand, Francec Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont ferrand, FranceTo the Editor,Drug-induced enterocolitis syndrome (DIES) is a new clinical presentation similar to food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES). It was described for the first time in 2014 by Novembre et al.(1). More and more cases have been described since and clinical diagnostic criteria have recently been proposed. (2)A 12-month-old boy was referred to our Pediatric Allergy Unit for a suspected drug hypersensitivity. At age 10 months, he was admitted to the pediatric emergency room for vomiting and fever, previously treated with two intake of intrarectal paracetamol (15 mg/kg every 6 hours), the last one 4 hours before admission. He had no previous history (and no allergic history). During the initial examination, we observed asthenia, paleness, no fever (after antipyretics) and tachycardia, followed by four episodes of mucus vomiting without diarrhea. An occlusive syndrome was suspected. Given the hemodynamic disorders, continued fluid resuscitation was performed. Blood tests showed an isolated hyperleukocytosis with neutrophils (11.08 G/L). Eosinophils (0.210 G/L), lymphoid cells (7.25 G/L), the ionogramm and CRP (4.9 mg/L) were normal. Blood gas revealed a compensated respiratory alkalosis (lactates 2.2 mmol/L, methemoglobinemia 1.3%). No tryptase or specific IgE test was performed. Abdominal ultrasound was normal. Microbiological workup was negative. The next day, he was still irritable with several night vomiting episodes. He was discharged with some clinical improvement (diagnosed viral disease).By questioning the parents, they noticed that their child presented digestive disorders’ events at home since birth, which coincided with the 5 times intake of Paracetamol, twice orally and then intrarectally. The symptoms appeared systematically from the first intake. In the child’s medical history, we found no rhythmicity related to meals or other etiologies. His father has a well-known pollen and Penicillin allergies. By reviewing the emergency room observations (Figure 1), we noticed systematic digestive disorders approximately 3h to 6h after each paracetamol intake, explaining the moderate initial clinical improvement.Four months later, skin prick tests (10 mg/mL) and intradermal tests (0.1 mg/mL) were negative. The drug oral challenge (Table 1) was positive: repeated vomiting, marked pallor, lethargy, and crying without cutaneous or respiratory symptoms 2 hours after the last paracetamol intake. Rehydration and corticosteroid therapy brought a complete clinical recovery. No mast cell degranulation was observed (normal tryptase levels: 6.6 µg/L to 6.2 µg/L 1 hour after reaction). There was no infectious context or other confounding factors on the day of the challenge test.We inferred a drug-induced enterocolitis syndrome (DIES) caused by paracetamol, in the absence of other plausible causes. This child’s reaction met the various major and minor criteria described (3), independently of the dosage form, formally implicating paracetamol (Table 2). Therefore, the assay of specific immunoglobulins and the performance of a basophils activation test were not performed.Based on all these observations, we decided to propose an alternative treatment with ibuprofen, if the child had fever and eliminate cross allergy, confirmed by a negative challenge test. We will follow the child and perhaps propose another Paracetamol challenge test, in a few years, to assess possible cure of the syndrome. Since the provocation test, parents kept paracetamol excluded, the child no longer presented any digestive disorder. Prognosis of the DIES is actually unknown. Oral challenge seems to be indeed the only useful test to confirm or exclude DIES (3). In contrast, skin tests don’t provide conclusive evidence to diagnose DIES, as for FPIES.This is the first clinical presentation of DIES with paracetamol. Similar cases following antibiotic intakes (including amoxicillin) and only one for pantoprazole have been described, with similar clinical and biological manifestations (2). DIES is a clinical entity more frequent in a pediatric population, described with a minimum age of 2 years old, but adult cases are more and more reported in the literature. The patient is therefore younger than the cases described in the literature.Currently, it is considered in the literature that DIES is a syndrome equivalent to FPIES but with allergens of a different nature, respectively drug versus food. FPIES is a non-IgE mediated gastrointestinal food allergy (prevalence 1%), symptoms depend on the frequency of food exposure. FPIES affects infants and young children, diagnosis is clinical, and there are no specific biomarkers. In the literature, there were two kinds of FPIES being described: chronic FPIES occurs when food consumption is regular, symptoms (chronic diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss..) resolve with a period of avoidance, and acute FPIES occurs with occasional consumption of food and can have severe symptoms which may lead to shockSimilarly, DIES present specific criteria of non-IgE-mediated hypersensitivity, based only on the presence of typical symptoms (Table 2). However, to date, acute or chronic forms have not yet been described.Although its clinical manifestations can be severe and lead to hypovolemic shock, DIES pathophysiology is still not well understood. There is also no validated biomarker. According to Powell and al (4), neutrophilia has been recognized as a common finding in patients presenting with acute FPIES for a long time. The increase of the eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in stool samples from 24 and 48 h after the reaction was also described. (5) Many cases of FPIES will be probably described in the coming years, maybe with new different drugs. This diagnosis should be considered in the event of a recurrent digestive disorder, at any age.To date, several unanswered questions need to be addressed. Clinicians must be known for example if DIES is a transient or persistent trouble. Further studies may allow to find the origin, evolution and treatment of DIES.In conclusion, we reported the first DIES induced by PARACETAMOL, with tolerance to IBUPROFEN, confirmed by oral challenge test. Until now, it is the youngest patient case report and the first for PARACETAMOL.Keywords: children; drug hypersensitivity reactions; drug-induced enterocolitis syndrome; drug allergy; antipyreticReferences1. Drug-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome (DIES) Elio Novembre, Francesca Mori, Simona Barni, Neri Pucci,2. Mori F, Liccioli G, Fuchs O et al. Drug-induced enterocolitis syndrome: Similarities and differences compared with food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2021 Mar 2.3. Van Thuijl AOJ, Landzaat LJ, Liem O, et al. Drug-induced enterocolitis syndrome (DIES): A clinical entity that deserves more awareness. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2019 May;122(5):538-539.4. G K Powell. Enterocolitis in low-birth-weight infants associated with milk and soy protein intolerance J Pediatr. 1976 May;88(5):840-4.5. Freundt Serpa NP, Sánchez-Morillas L, Jaqueti Moreno P, González-Gutiérrez ML, Cimarra M, Cerecedo I, Fernández-Rivas M. Drug-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome Due to Amoxicillin-Clavulanic Acid With Good Tolerance to Penicillin. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2020;30(4):301-302. doi: 10.18176/jiaci.0500. Epub 2020 Feb 25. PMID: 32101171.

In this computational study, stabilized finite element solutions of convection-dominated steady linear reaction-convection-diffusion equations are examined. Although the standard Galerkin finite element method (GFEM) is one of the most robust, efficient, and reliable methods for many engineering simulations, it suffers from instability issues in solving convection-dominated problems. To this end, this work deals with a stabilized version of the standard GFEM, called the streamline-upwind/Petrov-Galerkin (SUPG) formulation, to overcome the instability issues in solving such problems. The stabilized formulation is further supplemented with YZβ shock-capturing to provide additional stability around sharp gradients. A comprehensive set of test computations is provided to compare the results obtained by using the GFEM, SUPG, and SUPG-YZβ formulations. It is observed that the GFEM solutions involve spurious oscillations for smaller values of the diffusion parameter, as expected. These oscillations are significantly eliminated when the SUPG formulation is employed. It is also seen that the SUPG-YZβ formulation provides better solution profiles near steep gradients, in general.

Objectives: The aim of the study is to compare the safety and efficacy of unilateral anterograde cerebral perfusion (UACP) and bilateral anterograde cerebral perfusion (BACP) for acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD). Methods: A systematic review of MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases (last search: August 7 th, 2021) was performed according to the PRISMA statement. Studies directly comparing UACP versus BACP for ATAAD were included. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed. Results: Eight retrospective cohort studies were identified, incorporating 2416 patients (UACP: 843, BACP: 1573). No statistically significant difference was observed regarding in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR]:1.05 [95% Confidence Interval (95%CI):0.70-1.57]), permanent neurological deficit (PND) (OR: 0.94 [95%CI:0.52-1.70]), transient neurological deficit (TND) (OR: 1.37 [95%CI:0.98-1.92]), renal failure (OR: 0.96 [95%CI:0.70-1.32]), and re-exploration for bleeding (OR: 0.77 [95%CI:0.48-1.22]). Meta-regression analysis revealed that PND and TND were not influenced by differences in rates of total arch repair, Bentall procedure and concomitant CABG in UACP and BACP groups. Cardiopulmonary bypass time (Standard Mean Difference [SMD]:-0.11 [95%CI:-0.22, 0.44]), Cross clamp time (SMD:-0.04 [95%CI:-0.38, 0.29]) and hypothermic circulatory arrest time (SMD:-0.12 [95%CI:-0.55, 0.30]) were comparable between UACP and BACP. Intensive care unit stay was shorter in BACP arm (SMD:0.16 [95%CI:0.01, 0.31]), however, length of hospital stay was shorter in UACP arm (SMD:-0.25 [95%CI:-0.45, -0.06]). Conclusions: UACP and BACP had similar results in terms of in-hospital mortality, PND, TND, renal failure and re-exploration for bleeding rate in patients with ATAAD. ICU stay was shorter in the BACP arm while LOS was shorter in the UACP arm.

We are concerned with the global existence and decay rates of large solutions for the Poisson--Nernst--Planck equations. Based on careful observation of algebraic structure of the equations and using the weighted Chemin--Lerner type norm, we obtain the global existence and optimal decay rates of large solutions without requiring the summation of initial densities of a negatively and positively charged species is small enough. Moreover, the large solution is obtained for initial data belonging to the low regularity Besov spaces with different regularity and integral indices for the different charged species, which indicates more specific coupling relations between the negatively and positively charged species.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines had a great impact on world health and well-being. However, various adverse events have been observed following COVID-19 vaccination. Cutaneous reactions have been prevalent following many vaccines, including COVID-19 vaccines. Here, we present a case of new-onset lichen planus in a COVID-19 patient.

Background: Surgical management of symptomatic neonates with Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is controversial. Either primary surgical repair (EPSR) in neonates with TOF or a staged palliation with initial palliative intervention (PI). Aim: Compare outcomes of neonates with TOF who had EPSR and those who had PI. Materials and Methods: The study utilized the US National Inpatient Sample dataset for the years 2000 to 2018. Patients with EPSR and those with PI (aortic to pulmonary shunt or cardiac catheter palliative intervention) identified. Results: A total of 29,292 neonates with TOF were identified; of them 1726 neonates had EPSR, 4363 had PI. Hospital mortality was similar in both groups (PI 7.4% vs EPSR 8.0%, p = 0.41). Patient in the PI group had more comorbidities; chromosomal anomalies (PI 13.2% vs. ESPR 7.8%,  p < 0.001), prematurity (PI 15.1% vs. EPSR 10.4%,  p < 0.001), and low birth weight < 2500 grams (PI 15.4% vs. EPSR 10.3%,  p < 0.001). Median length of stay and median cost of hospitalization were significantly higher in the EPSR (25 days vs. 19 days, and $312,405 vs. $191,863, respectively,  p < 0.001). Conclusion: EPSR had similar mortality to PI but comes with a higher resource utilization and complications. If we include the cumulative morbidity and resource utilization associated with a two staged repair, EPSR could be proven as a better strategy in symptomatic neonates with TOF. A prospective superiority study on symptomatic neonates with TOF randomized to either ESPR or PI is needed to further answer this question.

Case Video Summary: This video demonstrates the principle of spiral PA plasty whereby the length of branch pulmonary arteries can be increased simultaneous to the increase in diameter by using a patch that is anastomosed spirally around the vessels.

Mergers and acquisitions operations continue to be one of the most explored growth strategies in all markets, and this is indeed the case in the elevator industry. The volume of investments grows year after year. It is the fastest way to grow in international and domestic markets, but the reality is that a high percentage of the operations carried out do not meet the expectations of the investors once the integration phase has been completed. There are several causes of failures in mergers and acquisitions processes, such as lack of commitment from the management, an unrealistic business plan, cultural shock, etc. But the most common one, and the one with the highest risk in an acquisition decision, is information asymmetry. During the negotiation phase a large amount of data is collected, and subsequently analyzed during the due diligence period, but it may not correspond to the reality during the integration phase. In this article we will propose how information asymmetry can be avoided through the application of information and communication technologies (ICTs) via internet of things (hereinafter IoT) devices in the elevator industry. This can also be applied to other industries.

Indirect costs of animal disease outbreaks often significantly exceed the direct costs. Despite their importance, indirect costs remain poorly characterised due to their complexity. In this study, we developed a framework to assess the indirect costs of a hypothetical African Swine Fever outbreak in Switzerland. We collected data through international and national stakeholder interviews, analysis of national disease control regulations and industry data. We developed a framework to capture the resulting qualitative and quantitative data, categorise the impacts of these regulations, and rank the impacts in order of importance. We then developed a spreadsheet model to calculate the indirect costs of one category of control measure for an individual group of stakeholders. We developed a decision tree model to guide the most economically favourable implementation plan for a given control measure category, under different outbreak scenarios. Our results suggest that the most important measure/impact categories were ‘Transport logistics’, ‘Consumer demand’, ‘Prevention of wild boar and domestic pig contact’ and ‘Slaughter logistics’. In our hypothetical scenario, the greatest costs associated with ‘Prevention of wild boar and domestic pig contact’ were due to assumed partial or total depopulation of pig farms in order to reduce herd size to comply with the simulated control regulations. The model also provides suggestions on the most economically favourable strategy to reduce contact between wild boar and domestic pigs in control areas depending on the duration of the outbreak. Our approach provides a new framework to integrate qualitative and quantitative data to guide disease control strategy. This method could be useful in other countries and for other diseases, including in data- and resource-poor settings, or areas with limited experience of animal disease outbreaks.

The genus Phyllachora contains numerous obligate fungal parasites that produce raised, melanized structures called stromata on their plant hosts referred to as tar spot. Members of this genus are known to infect many grass species but generally do not cause significant damage or defoliation, with the exception of P. maydis which has emerged as an important pathogen of maize throughout the Americas, but the origin of this pathogen remains unknown. To date, species designations for Phyllachora have been based on host associations and morphology, and most species are assumed to be host specific. We assessed the sequence diversity of 186 single stroma isolates collected from 16 hosts representing 15 countries. Samples included both herbarium and contemporary strains that covered a temporal range from 1905-2019. These 186 isolates were grouped into 5 distinct species with strong bootstrap support. We found three closely related, but genetically distinct groups of Phyllachora are capable of infecting maize in the United States, we refer to these as the P. maydis species complex. Based on herbarium species, we hypothesize that these three groups in the P. maydis species complex originated from Central America, Mexico and the Caribbean. Although two of these groups were only found on maize, the third and largest group contained contemporary strains found on maize and other grass hosts, as well as herbarium specimens from maize and other grasses that include 10 species of Phyllachora. The herbarium specimens were identified based on morphology and host association, but our sequence data indicates some Phyllachora species are capable of infecting a broad range of host species and there may be significant synonymy in the Phyllachora genus and additional work on species delineation and host specificity should be considered.

Many problems in computer vision today are solved via deep learning. Tasks like pose estimation from images, pose estimation from point clouds or structure from motion can all be formulated as a regression on rotations. However, there is no unique way of parametrizing rotations mathematically: matrices, quaternions, axis-angle representation or Euler angles are all commonly used in the field. Some of them, however, present intrinsic limitations, including discontinuities, gimbal lock or antipodal symmetry. These limitations may make the learning of rotations via neural networks a challenging problem, potentially introducing large errors. Following recent literature, we propose three case studies: a sanity check, a pose estimation from 3D point clouds and an inverse kinematic problem. We do so by employing a full geometric algebra (GA) description of rotations. We compare the GA formulation with a 6D continuous representation previously presented in the literature in terms of regression error and reconstruction accuracy. We empirically demonstrate that parametrizing rotations as bivectors outperforms the 6D representation. The GA approach overcomes the continuity issue of representations as the 6D representation does, but it also needs fewer parameters to be learned and offers an enhanced robustness to noise. GA hence provides a broader framework for describing rotations in a simple and compact way that is suitable for regression tasks via deep learning, showing high regression accuracy and good generalizability in realistic high-noise scenarios.

n this work, we investigate the poroelastic waves by solving the time-domain Biot-JKD equation with an efficient numerical method. The viscous dissipation occurring in the pores depends on the square root of the frequency and is described by the Johnson-Koplik-Dashen (JKD) dynamic tortuosity/permeability model. The temporal convolutions of order 1/2 shifted fractional derivatives are involved in the time-domain Biot-JKD model, causing the problem to be stiff and challenging to be implemented numerically. Based on the best relative approximation of the square-root function, we design an efficient algorithm to approximate and localize the convolution kernel by introducing a finite number of auxiliary variables that satisfy a local system of ordinary differential equations. The imperfect hydraulic contact condition is used to describe the interface boundary conditions and the Runge-Kutta discontinuous Galerkin (RKDG) method together with the splitting method is applied to compute the numerical solutions. Several numerical examples are presented to show the accuracy and efficiency of our approach.

Cardiac hemangiomas as a primary heart tumor are extremely rare. We present a clinical case of a 54-year-old woman with atypical thoracic and abdominal discomfort and cavernous hemangiomas of the right atrium and the liver.

We will study binocular vision for 6-DOF robotic manipulator in conformal geometric algebra approach. We will focus on the case where some information as relative cameras positions, has been lost. In particular, we will use the construction of the manipulator to infer a self calibration method for cameras position based in binocular vision with incomplete information.

La qualità dell'acqua potabile occupa un posto importante nell'agenda della politica ambientale, ma la regolamentazione degli inquinanti emergenti (CEC) è limitata. Di recente sono stati aggiornati gli standard di qualità tramite l’approvazione di una proposta di revisione della direttiva sull’acqua potabile (Consiglio UE 2020  \cite{2020}), che ha introdotto anche un meccanismo di lista di controllo, che include gli interferenti endocrini e i prodotti farmaceutici. Gli interferenti endocrini sono dei contaminanti ambientali e possono provocare delle problematiche che alterano il funzionamento del sistema endocrino, impattando in maniera negativa sulla salute umana e sulla sicurezza ambientale \cite{legler2019}. È stato riscontrato che gli interferenti endrocrini (EDC) possono compromettere i corpi idrici provocandone l’inquinamento tramite diverse cause, come l’emissione industriale diretta e disordinata e il suolo contaminato eroso dalla superficie o dalle piogge \cite{snyder2009}. I metodi tradizionali come l’adsorbimento fisico e la degradazione biologica non sono capaci ad eseguire una rimozione completa degli EDC nelle acque reflue, dal momento che tali metodi risultano suscettibili ai fattori ambientali come temperatura e pH \cite{yoon2018}. In tali circostanze, gli EDC simili agli estrogeni possono entrare nei corpi umani attraverso l'accumulo biologico, che interrompe gravemente le normali attività fisiologiche influenzando il normale sistema endocrino \cite{yang2020}. Per tale motivo è necessario la determinazione di un approccio efficace, e al contempo rispettoso per l’ambiente, al fine di ottenere una rimozione efficiente degli EDC. In riferimento a tele osservazione nel seguente articolo verranno trattate delle metodologie che consentono un abbattimento dei contaminanti emergenti; in partivolar modo del contaminante BPA.