Objective- To correlate the assessment of pelvic organ prolapse between POP-Q score measured preoperatively with Valsalva manoeuvre and intraoperatively with mechanical traction. Design – Cross sectional Setting – Midnapore Medical College ,Midnapore , West Bengal , India Sample - Women attending gynaecology out patient department ( OPD) with symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse and planned for vaginal operative treatment between March 2019 to February 2020. Methods - Preoperative examination was done in OPD by POP-Q system with Valsalva manoeuvre and final examination was done under spinal anesthesia with mechanical traction. The correlation was done between pre and intraoperative measurements. Results: All intraoperative POP-Q measurements showed significant higher descent as compared with preoperative measurements (mean difference Aa 0.72cm, Ba 1.08cm, C 1.66cm, Ap 0.26cm,Bp 1.6cm, D 1.6cm, Gh 0.6cm,) except for Pb and Tvl. . Among all nine measurements the greatest difference between preoperative and intraoperative were observed for point C, D and Bp. Conclusion:Preoperative POP-Q score significantly differed when assessed intraoperatively under spinal anesthesia with traction. Patient should beinformed that the surgical plan might change depending on the intraoperative findings.Our study is an alert for both surgeon and patient.

Background – Albendazole is a benzoimidazole carbamate drug with anthelmintic and antiprotozoal activity against intestinal and tissue parasites. It has been described that the administration with meals increases albendazole absorption. Objective – Our aim was to compare the systemic exposure in healthy volunteers of two albendazole formulations after a single oral dose under fed conditions and to evaluate the effect of breakfast composition on its bioavailability. Methods – 12 healthy volunteers were included in a crossover, open, randomized comparative bioavailability trial including two stages. Single oral doses of 400 mg albendazole were administered under fed conditions (a light breakfast in first stage and a high-fat breakfast in the second) separated by 7-day washout periods. Plasma albendazole and albendazole sulfoxide concentrations were measured by HPLC-MS/MS. Results – Albendazole absorption was clearly influenced by the meal composition. A high-fat breakfast increased albendazole and albendazole sulfoxide area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and maximum concentration (Cmax) by double compared to a light breakfast. The bioavailability of the two formulations was very similar, although the sample size was not sufficient to demonstrate bioequivalence because the intra-individual variability of albendazole was approximately 60%. Conclusions – The higher albendazole and albendazole sulfoxide levels when administered with a high-fat meal could be of importance in clinical practice. Since albendazole labelling recommends its administration with meals, it is necessary to insist the patient to take it with a fatty meal so that the effectiveness of albendazole is not compromised.

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate antioxidant parameters as well as levels of lipid peroxidation, paraoxonase enzyme, and nitrotyrosine in the follicular fluid and embryo culture media among patients under IVF treatment. Material and methods: Fifty-one patients who underwent IVF / ICSI were enrolled in this prospective study at the IVF Center of University Hospital. A long agonist protocol was used in 22 cases for controlled ovarian stimulation, and an antagonist protocol was used in 29 cases. Two-hundred sixty follicular fluid samples from a total of 454 follicular fluids obtained from the cases and cell culture media of 51 transferred embryos (one from each case) were examined. Follicle fluids and embryo cell culture media were divided into groups according to oocyte fertilization, the protocol applied, the day of transfer, the quality of the embryos obtained and whether pregnancy was achieved. medium obtained from 51 individually cultured embryos and investigating their relationship with the controlled ovarian stimulation applied Results: Thiobarbiturate reactive substances (TBARS) levels were significantly lower in the fertilized oocytes follicular fluids compared to the unfertilized ones (21 vs. 29.75 nmol/ml, p = 0.002). There were no differences with regard to other parameters. Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) levels were higher both in the fertilized and unfertilized oocytes in the agonist protocol group compared to the antagonist protocol group. As to the quality of embryos, there were no differences between the groups in terms of the investigated parameters and between the pregnant and the nonpregnant groups in follicular fluid analysis. TEAC levels were higher in the embryo cell culture media in the pregnant group during the day 2 embryo transfer. we found no association between follicular fluid TEAC levels and fertilization rates in total, however, TBARS values were significantly higher in the unfertilized group, suggesting that

Maize (Zea mays L.) holds significance importance in Pakistan in addition to being the highest yielding cereal crop in the world. But its yield has been severely affected due to the different environmental constraints including heat stress. In order to meet the growing food demand there is dire need to produce climate resilient varieties of maize. For this purpose we need to exploit the biochemical and molecular mechanisms involved in providing heat resistance to maize. In present study four genes were selected which were reportedly involved in response against heat stimulus, but were not structurally and functionally characterized. Therefore in-silico approach was used in order to investigate these hypothetical/candidate proteins. The phylogenetic investigation was conducted to find the evolutionary relationship. The 3D structures were elucidated in addition to the secondary structure prediction. Conserved domains and their interactions with other proteins were analyzed for the functional annotation. Our results showed that the protein sequences of maize are showing constant evolutionary change similar to their homologues. Predicted structures and domains of HPs are involved in conferring heat tolerance to maize crop. NP_001148903.1 is one of the HP; its interactions with other proteins along with its predicted domains, suggests that it is involved in stress response as most of its interacting partners are stress responsive proteins. This theoretical overview of heat tolerance proteins in maize will help researchers in understanding their predicted structure and function which will aide them in designing the genetically engineered varieties of heat resilient maize.

Encapsulation of apo human alpha-lactalbumin (α-LA) within oleic acid (OA) attains similar morphology as SNARE’s, which forms human α-lactalbumin-oleic acid (HALOA) complex by altering the methodology from previous studies. Firstly the native α-LA was treated with EDTA to remove Ca2+ ions (ICP-OES, and Arsenazo III) which leads to unfolding for maintenance of an apo structure, and was directly mixed with OA in a specific ratio. Further, the structural variations from apo to the complex were elucidated by circular dichroism (far UV-CD; 190-260 nm and near UV-CD; 260-340 nm) which shows that it consists of a majority of turns and β-sheet structure. ANS (1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate) dye shows maximum fluorescence intensity because it strongly binds with the complex due to the availability of hydrophobic patches. The masking effect of OA was validated by SDS-PAGE where no band was found in a complex lane, which is also confirmed by NMR spectroscopy that indicates a loss in NMR signal in HALOA complex after regulated addition of OA. The HALOA complex was further confirmed by TEM where it shows a range around 500 nm which is structurally and morphologically similar to SNARE’s. This new structural variant complex offers antitumor activity on K562 cells by rectifying molecular domains (IL-8, Survivin, and Total antioxidant) and induces apoptosis by DNA fragmentation, but it does not show any apoptotic activity against NIH cells. Overall the formulated complex shows SNARE’s like behavior, and it might be a promising candidate as an antitumor agent with lower toxicity and maximum bioavailability.

Objective: To examine the relationship between interpregnancy interval (IPI) after previous cesarean section (CS) and perinatal outcomes. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, China. Population: A total of 1854 women with a history of CS who delivered from January 2016 to December 2016. Methods: With an IPI of 24-59 months as the reference, the associations between various IPIs (<24, 60-119, and ≥120 months) and perinatal outcomes were examined by multivariate logistic regression analysis with multiple models. Main outcome measures: Adverse maternal and fetal outcomes of different IPIs after CS. Results: IPI <24 months significantly increased the risk of anemia in late pregnancy (aOR 2.09, 95% CI 1.21-2.62, p = 0.008). IPI <24 months was associated with a higher risk for incomplete uterine rupture (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.05-1.61), IPI ≥60 months was related to a lower risk for incomplete uterine rupture (IPI = 60-119 months: OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.62-0.95; IPI ≥120 months, OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.38-1.08), and women with IPI ≥120 months were more likely to develop gestational hypertension (GHP) (p = 0.036) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (p = 0.001). These effects became nonsignificant after adjusting possible confounders. Conclusion: IPI <24 months is associated with a higher risk for anemia in late pregnancy. IPI may combine with other factors to affect GHP, GDM, and uterine rupture in the subsequent pregnancy after previous CS. Funding: National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81571465). Keywords: Adverse pregnancy outcomes, Birth spacing, Cesarean delivery.

Background Perilla seeds have been shown to cause immediate allergic reactions. However, reports on perilla seed allergies are limited to a few case reports, and there is currently no diagnostic test for such allergies. Our objective was to analyze the clinical and immunological characteristics of perilla seed allergy and to identify allergens for the development of diagnostic methods. Methods Twenty-two children with clinical perilla seed allergy were enrolled from two tertiary hospitals between September 2016 and June 2019. Using perilla seed extract, we developed a skin prick test (SPT) reagent and an IgE enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for perilla seed allergy diagnosis. IgE immunoblotting was performed for identifying putative allergenic components, and amino acid composition analysis was performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results The median age of children with perilla seed allergy was 3 years, and the proportion of children with anaphylaxis was 31.8%. Perilla seed SPT was performed for 16 of 22 children, all of whom tested positive. On ELISA, 86.4% of children tested positive for perilla seed-specific IgE. Proteins with molecular weights of 50, 31–35, and 14–16 kDa showed binding with the sera of >50% of children with perilla seed allergy. LC-MS/MS analysis of these three protein fractions indicated 8 putative proteins, including perilla oleosin (Accession No. 9963891), to be allergens. Conclusion We reported the clinical characteristics and immunological profiles of 22 children with perilla seed allergy and suggested oleosin as one of the major allergens in perilla seeds.

Inhaled corticosteroids (IC) have been associated with an increased risk of pneumonia in patients with Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Asthmatics are at an increased risk of developing exacerbations after infection by respiratory viruses such as Influenza virus (IV), Parainfluenza virus, Human metapneumovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Rhinovirus (RV), and Human and severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronaviruses. Asthma itself, mainly when it is poorly controlled, is an independent risk factor for pneumonia. A subset of Asthmatics can have significant defects in their innate, humoral, and cell-mediated immunity arms. Despite being one of the essential drugs in asthma control, several inhaled corticosteroids have been implicated in the observed significantly increased incidences of pneumonia in asthmatics. The observed association may be due to promoting viral replication, inflammation, and impairing antiviral responses. With the current COVID 19 pandemic affecting millions of people worldwide and with mortality of more than 44-fold that of seasonal flu, it was necessary to revisit this subject. Most asthmatics are poorly controlled and are on inhaled corticosteroids, putting them in a high-risk group. Preliminary case series have shown that asthmatics experience a more adverse clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 infection than non-asthmatics. Hence while we are waiting for more studies that further narrates the association between COVID 19 and Asthma, we advise clinicians on the importance of individualizing their management plan in asthmatics with the main aim of achieving adequate disease control and selective use of inhaled corticosteroids so as to avoid unwanted adverse events.

Environmental DNA (eDNA) analyses have become invaluable for detecting and monitoring aquatic and terrestrial species and assessing site biodiversity within aquatic environments or soil. Recent studies have extended these techniques by using eDNA to identify the presence of aboveground terrestrial arthropods directly from aboveground substrates. However, while the dynamics of eDNA state, transport, and fate (its ‘ecology’) have been explored within aquatic environments and soil, they have yet to be explored within aboveground terrestrial systems. Here we explore the ecology of terrestrial eDNA deposited by fluid-feeding arthropods on leaf surfaces. We carried out a series of experiments to evaluate the optimal filter pore size for intracellular eDNA collection, how eDNA is affected by rain events, and its degradation rate under different solar radiation conditions. We found that the captured concentration of intracellular eDNA was not significantly affected by an increase in filter pore size, suggesting a wide range of viable pore size options exist for targeting intracellular eDNA. We also found extracellular eDNA from fluid excrement degrades more rapidly than intracellular when exposed to solar radiation, indicating the latter is a more viable target for collection. Finally, we identified that rainfall or mist will remove most terrestrial eDNA present on vegetation surfaces. We provide researchers and environmental managers key insights into successfully designing and carrying out terrestrial arthropod eDNA surveys that maximize detection probability.

Background: The aim of the study is to make epidemiologic analysis of pediatric maxillafacial traumas and discuss the mechanisms of injury, etiology, treatment approaches and complications by comparing with adult maxillofacial traumas. Method: Pediatric maxillofacial trauma patients who presented to the Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery at our hospital, for 5 years between 2014 and 2018 were evaluated retrospectively. Age and gender distributions of the patients were determined. Duration of hospitalization, etiology of trauma, location of the fracture, and treatment methods applied were determined, and the results of these treatments and complications that developed were evaluated. Results: The fractures were the most common at the age of 17 years (17.2%). The most common cause of trauma in patients operated for maxillofacial trauma was fall (48.3%). Most operations were performed in the age range of 12–18 years (49.4%), and panfacial fractures were the most frequently operated fracture localization (27.58%). Conclusion: The simplest and most effective treatment should be applied for pediatric maxillofacial trauma. While conservative treatments may be sufficient in minimally displaced fractures, open reduction and internal fixation methods are applied in fractures with greater displacement. Fixation materials must necessarily be removed since they prevent bone growth. The use of bioabsorbable plates has been limited in recent years due to their high costs.

Backgrounds: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) has previously been elucidated in tolerant cardiac or liver transplantation models. Kynurenine has also been reported in immune tolerant models. Immutol is an analogue of IDO and metabolites, and it is an anthranilic acid derivative and is a synthetic chemical. Its function in tolerant rat cardiac transplantation remains unknown. Here, we elucidated the role and mechanism of Immutol combine with CsA in tolerant cardiac transplantation. Methods: Using a rat cardiac transplantation model intervented by Immutol, CsA, and Immutol+CsA before surgery. Moreover, we used 1-MT, the IDO inhibitory, to furtherly validate the role and the mechanism in the immune tolerance of cardiac transplantation Results: In this study, we show that the combination of Immutol with CsA can alleviate rejection and prolong recipients’ survival compared with that in the Immutol or CsA groups. Moreover, the protein level of Kynurenine was high overexpression in the Immutol+CsA group, and the expression level of IDO and Kynurenine was increased with survival time longer in the Immutol+CsA group. Furthermore, we used 1-MT to detect the role of Immutol in the rat cardiac transplantation. The results revealed that rejection was aggravated, and survival time was shortened after the IDO was successfully blocked. Conclusion: Our data suggest that the combination of Immutol and CsA can alleviate acute rejection and prolongs survival time in a rat cardiac transplantation model; this drug may induce immune tolerance in cardiac transplantation through ‘kynurenine accumulation’, which may provide new ideas and methods for clinical induction of transplant immune tolerance

Stochastic simulation of enzymatic kinetics is uncommon, but it can bring more insight to the results obtained with the usual deterministic simulation based on the integration of differential equations. This work covers the stochastic simulation of mass action and Michaelis-Menten kinetic models applied to generic examples of four enzymatic kinetic cases, with and without inhibition. For each case the deterministic model was translated to a stochastic formulation based on numbers of molecules instead of concentrations. The simulations were done applying the Gillespie algorithm, and the uncertainty of the results was estimated with the standard deviation, calculated from many realizations (repetitions) of the stochastic simulations for each case. The uncertainty of the concentration results is related with the number of molecules in the initial simulation setting. It was also found that a minimum number of realizations is enough to estimate the standard deviation of the results. However, due to the nature of the stochastic method the uncertainty of its results varies through the simulation. In sum, the uncertainty of enzyme kinetics can be estimated \emph{in-silico} with stochastic simulation.

Cells cultured in a nutrient-limited environment can undergo adaptation, which confers improved fitness under long-term energy limitation. We have previously shown how a recombinant S. cerevisiae strain, producing a heterologous insulin product, under glucose-limited conditions adapts over time at the average population level. In this paper, we investigated this adaptation at the single-cell level by application of FACS and showed that three apparent phenotypes underlie the adaptive response observed at the bulk level: (1) cells that drastically reduced insulin production (23 %), (2) cells with reduced enzymatic capacity in central carbon metabolism (46 %), (3) cells that exhibited pseudohyphal growth (31 %). We speculate that the phenotypic heterogeneity is a result of different mechanisms to increase fitness. Cells with reduced insulin productivity have increased fitness by reducing the burden of the heterologous insulin production and the populations with reduced enzymatic capacity of the central carbon metabolism and pseudohyphal growth have increased fitness towards the glucose-limited conditions. The results highlight the importance of considering population heterogeneity when studying adaptation and evolution.

Maize grain yield greatly reduces when subjected to heat stress around flowering and early grain filling, but the responses of temperate (Te) and tropical (Tr) maize genotypes to heat are unclear. For this, 162 maize inbred lines with Te, Tr and Te×Tr were grown at six sowing dates over four years of 2015 – 2018. Yield reduction was mainly a function of low kernel number under heat stress. Kernel number on average reduced by 73-98% under heat stress around flowering, with Tr inbred lines having significantly smaller reductions than Te and Te×Tr inbred lines. Kernel number reduction of Te, Tr, and Te×Tr varied largely in heat stress, indicating there are both heat sensitive and tolerant inbred lines in each group. Tr inbred lines on average maintained a lower flowering – time plasticity than Te inbred lines. Post-silking growth in a short period of approximately two weeks were most sensitive to heat. Adjusting sowing date was a more effective strategy to reduce heat impacts around flowering than genotypes, but sowing date and genotype combined together only alleviated ~80% of negative effects of heat stress on yield. Heat tolerant inbred lines used in this study can be potential germplasm resource.

Objectives: In high-income countries, women in adverse socioeconomic circumstances are at higher risk of stillbirth, have a lower uptake of stillbirth investigation, and are underrepresented in stillbirth research. Our objective was to describe the barriers to conventional postmortem in a community with the lowest rates of stillbirth investigation. Design: Qualitative grounded theory study to construct a thematic analysis. Setting: East London Mosque during Ramadan June 2018. Population: All male and female attendees of reproductive age were invited to participate. Methods: Anonymised questionnaire with five fixed-choice questions on pregnancy loss and acceptability of conventional invasive postmortem and non-invasive postmortem. The fifth question was expanded into free-text to explore barriers to conventional postmortem. Main outcome measures: Primary outcome was barriers to conventional postmortem, and secondary outcome was acceptability of conventional and non-invasive postmortem. Results: 123 questionnaires were included. There were 73 male (59·3%) and 50 female (40·7%) respondents. The primary barriers to conventional postmortem were religious belief, desecration of the body, further emotional pain to the family, and fatalism. 14 respondents would agree to conventional postmortem while 107 would not accept (11·4% versus 87·0%). Nearly all respondents would agree to non-invasive postmortem while nine respondents would still not accept postmortem in any form (92·7% versus 7·3%). Conclusions: In this community the barriers to postmortem are influenced by cultural factors. While conventional postmortem is poorly received, our study suggests high acceptability of non-invasive postmortem. More culturally-appropriate work must be done to improve postmortem uptake in high-risk communities. Funding: No funding obtained.

The world is now experiencing the catastrophe of global pandemic ‘COVID-19’, most serious public health crises in this century. Recently, another virus named “Cat Que Virus” (CQV) seems to be causing its terrible repercussions in the worlds’ largest populous country ‘China’, the origin of SARS-CoV during 2002-2003, and the current pandemic SARS-CoV-2 since December 2019. Recently, the presence of IgG antibody among two persons in the state of Karnataka for CQV was reported in India, the worlds’ second-largest populous country. This means the virus is in circulation in the sub-continent. The presence of the vector mosquitoes (Aedes species, Culex species) and the ambient climatic conditions suitable for vector breeding in the country needs to be taken into account while planning to implement holistic strategies appropriate for control and preventive measures. “One Health approach” is the topmost option covering humans, animals/vectors and the environment to curb the spread/transmission of infectious diseases in general. It is also necessary to study the transmission dynamics and pattern of this emerging virus, its life cycle, the natural reservoir of the virus, the intermediate host and the accidental host with respect South-East Asia, so that necessary remedial action can be planned well before an epidemic. At present, the outbreak of CQV is certainly a warning to the general population around the world. Considering the global imminent health threats posed by CQV, there is an urgent need for active surveillance, monitoring, effective vaccination, and a standard treatment modality of this disease. Given the epidemiological aspect of CQV, control and prevention measures are essential to stop the spread of the virus. At present, there is no information available on CQV; however, this current review article has covered the required data, which will be helpful to control the spread of the CQV.

Street trees assemblage is a widespread natural component in the cities and provides a wide range of ecosystem services to the cities. However, the distribution of street trees assemblage within a city is inequal. In this paper, we took air purification benefit provided by street trees for example to examine how urban form, urban geography and drivers of vegetation management affect the variation of ecosystem services provided by street trees in metropolitan Shenyang, Northeastern China. The i-Tree Street (2018) was utilizing to evaluate air purification benefit provided by street trees. We analyze the results using 2 indices: per kilometer benefit (PKB) and average tree benefit (ATB). The results showed us that (1) both indices didn’t vary along the population gradient. (2) The PKB had a decreasing trend along the urban-suburban gradient. (3) The districts which had the highest PKB and ATB are neither the old ones nor the newest one, but the districts start to develop from around 2002 and 2003. Therefore, we infer that the public policy is a main driver of vegetation management, especially for street trees, because street tree is closely related to road/street development which is closely related to economic development of a region. Besides, there could be a time lag effect for ecosystem services provided by trees.

Interesting electrogram during electrophysiology study of a patient presenting with palpitation.Debasis acharya MBBS, MD, DM, PDF. Debasish das MBBS, MD, PDF. Jogendra Singh MBBS, MD. Subhas Pramanik .Department of cardiology, All india institute of medical sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India 751019.

It has been proven that the gas trifluoromethanesulfonyl fluoride (CF3SO2F) has good dielectric performance and potential to replace strong greenhouse gas sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), which is the most commonly used insulating gas in electrical engineering area. In this paper, acute toxic gas inhalation test was carried out. The results showed that the lethal concentration 50% (LC50) for female rats was 27.1 g/m3 and 23.3 g/m3 for male rats. The behavioral and vital sign changes in the rats were recorded. Pathological sections of the main organs revealed that the heart, lungs, spleen and eyes suffered the most damage from the gas. This research also provides scientific suggestions for the protection in practical engineering.

The southern US and northern Mexico serve as an ideal region to test alternative hypotheses regarding biotic diversification. Genomic data can now be combined with sophisticated computational models to quantify the impacts of paleoclimate change, geographic features, and habitat heterogeneity on spatial patterns of genetic diversity. In this study we combine thousands of genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) loci with mtDNA sequences (ND1) from the Texas Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum) to quantify relative support for different catalysts of diversification. Phylogenetic and clustering analyses of the GBS data indicate support for at least three primary populations with evidence of recent admixture. The spatial distribution of populations appears concordant with habitat type, with desert populations in Arizona and New Mexico showing the largest genetic divergence. The mtDNA data also support a divergent desert population, but other relationships differ and suggest mtDNA introgression. Genotype-environmental association analyses support divergence along environmental axes. Demographic analyses support a model of allopatric divergence during the Pleistocene followed by secondary contact and gene flow. These results are consistent with inferred paleo-species distribution models. Our results also indicate that caution is warranted when fitting a multispecies coalescent model without introgression to populations that have exchanged genes throughout their diversification history. In sum, our results support allopatric divergence due to Pleistocene climate change, which was followed by secondary contact and widespread genomic introgression. Results also suggest that populations are continuing to diverge along habitat gradients. Finally, the strong evidence of admixture, gene flow, and mtDNA introgression among populations suggests that P. cornutum should be considered a single widespread species.

Caprine parainfluenza virus type 3 (CPIV3) was first identified in goats named JS2013 in China. In 2019, a sheep herd broke a disease with respiratory disease in Hebei province, China. In order to confirm the pathogen of the disease, the nasal swabs, stool swabs and blood samples were collected from the sheep. Virus isolation was performed on MDBK cells and identification was conducted by RT-PCR. The complete genome of the isolate was sequenced and phylogenetic analyzed. In order to evaluate the pathogenicity of the virus, five seronegative sheep were experimental infected with the virus suspension. The phylogenetic analyses based on the complete genome and the M gene indicated that the isolate strain was distinguished distinct from previously reported CPIV3 lineage of JS2013. The virus-inoculated sheep displayed the syndrome with depression, cough, and fever. Virus shedding were detected by RT-PCR from nasal swabs. All infected showed virus shedding during 2 - 21dpi and viremia could be detected in serum samples. Gross pathological assessment of sheep in infected group showed gross lesion in the lungs. Histopathological observation results indicated that lungs had mild to moderate interstitial pneumonia , with thickened alveolar walls, decreased alveolar space, and increased amounts of inflammatory cells infiltration. This is the first report of pathogenicity of the novel lineage of sheep-derived CPIV3. The results would be helpful for further studies on the prevention and control strategies for CPIV3 infections in goat and sheep.

Flavonoids are a special category of hydroxylated phenolic compounds having an aromatic ring structure. Among several subclasses of flavonoids, the flavonol subclass contains a special compound – quercetin. Quercetin is a bioactive natural compound built upon the flavon structure, i.e., C6(ring A)-C3(ring C)-C6(ring B). It facilitates several plant physiological processes such as seed germination, pollen growth, antioxidant machinery, and photosynthesis, as well as induces proper plant growth and development. Quercetin is a powerful antioxidant, so it potently provides plant tolerance against several biotic and abiotic stresses. This review highlights the role of quercetin in increasing several physiological and biochemical processes in under stress and non-stress environments. Additionally, this review briefly assesses the role of quercetin in mitigating biotic and abiotic stresses, e.g., salt, heavy metal, and UV stress. Furthermore, the biosynthesis of flavonoids along with fresh advances and regulation in its signaling pathway, as well as the role of quercetin in plant signaling is also discussed.

Abstract – Highly pathogenic bovine Delta papillomaviruses (δPVs) were detected and quantified for the first time using digital droplet polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) by liquid biopsy in 103 clinically healthy sheep. Overall, ddPCR detected bovine δPVs in 68 blood samples (66%). Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) infection by a single genotype was revealed in 59% of the blood samples, and BPV coinfection by double, triple or quadruple genotypes was observed in 41% of liquid biopsies. The BPV-2 genotype was most frequently seen in sheep, whereas BPV-1 was the least common. Furthermore, ddPCR was very useful for detection and quantification; the BPV-14 genotype was observed for the first time in ovine species, displaying the highest prevalence in some geographical areas (Apulia). In 42 of the positive samples (61.8%), a single BPV infection was observed, 26 of which were caused by BPV-2 (61.9%) and 7 by BPV-13 (16.7%). BPV-14 was responsible for 7 single infections (16.7%) and BPV-1 for 2 single infections (4.7%). Multiple BPV coinfections were observed in the remaining 26 positive samples (38.2%), with dual BPV-2/BPV-13 infection being the most prevalent (84.6%). BPV infection by triple and quadruple genotypes was also observed in 11.5% and 3.8% of cases, respectively. The present study showed that ddPCR, a biotechnological refinement of conventional PCR, is by far the most sensitive and accurate assay for BPV detection. Therefore, ddPCR displayed diagnostic and epidemiological value resulting in the identification of otherwise undetectable BPV genotypes as well as their geographical distributions and suggesting that animal husbandry practices contribute to cross-species transmission of BPVs.

In this paper, the differential quadrature method is implemented to find the numerical solution of two and three-dimensional telegraphic equations‏ with Dirichlet and Neumann’s boundary values. This technique is according to exponential cubic B-spline functions. So, a modification on the exponential cubic B- spline is applied in order to use as a basis function in the DQ method. Therefore, the Telegraph equation (TE) is altered to a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The optimized form of Runge-Kutta scheme has been implemented by four-stage and three-order strong stability preserving (SSP-RK43) to solve the resulting system of ODEs. We examined the correctness and applicability of this method by four examples of the TE.