The leaf-height-seed (LHS) plant ecology strategy scheme posits that functional traits such as leaf size, stem height and seed mass play a key role in life history of plants. Although many studies have explored the LHS scheme across plant species, to our knowledge, no study has so far linked functional trait patterns across different plant clades. Here, we first explored the LHS scheme of several plant clades, i.e., palms, other monocots, dicots and gymnosperms, to understand how potential forces drive variation of plant functional traits. We showed that phylogeny constrains plant functional traits and appears to be the most decisive factor that controls variation in seed mass irrespective of plant clades. Apart from phylogeny, a majority of variation in seed mass was explained by leaf size in palms clade, whereas by plant height in other monocots and dicots. Neither leaf size nor plant height well explained variation in seed mass of gymnosperms clade. Our study strongly suggests that different plant clades exhibit distinct LHS schemes, paving a new avenue for better understanding evolution and correlation between functional traits across sets of plant species.

Objective: Obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) occur in approximately 3-6% of vaginal deliveries and are the leading risk factor for late onset faecal incontinence. We aimed to assess the effect of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) on severity of faecal incontinence after immediate primary repair of major OASIS (Grade IIIb-IV). Design: Prospective cohort study Setting: Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, The Netherlands Population: Women who underwent a primary repair of major OASIS over a 2-year period (Group A), a control group consisting of primigravid women (Group B), and another control group who underwent elective Caesarean section (Group C). Methods: Participants were assessed with ultrasonography within 12 weeks, then a follow-up questionnaire after at least 12 months. Main outcome: Wexner faecal incontinence scores and presence of IBS based on Rome IV criteria. Results: There were 211 total patients included, and mean follow-up time was 26 months after sphincter repair. Ultrasonographic sphincter defects were detected in 37% but did not affect faecal incontinence score (p=0.16). Patients with IBS had significantly worse faecal incontinence (p<0.001), and interestingly in women with OASIS those without IBS had comparable symptoms to the control groups. Inability to defer defaecation for 15 minutes was also associated with worse faecal incontinence (p=0.003). Conclusion: After OASIS repair faecal incontinence was significantly worsened by the presence of IBS, or in women with an inability to defer defaecation. Presence of ultrasonographic sphincter defects did not correlate to a clinical difference in faecal incontinence scores. Funding: Nil. Keywords: OASIS, sphincter, irritable bowel syndrome, incontinence

In free-living ecological communities, organismal life histories shape interactions with their environment, which ultimately forms the basis of ecological succession. Individual animals in natural populations tend to host diverse parasite species concurrently over their lifetimes. However, the structure and dynamics of mammalian parasite communities have not been contextualized in terms of primary ecological succession, in part because few datasets track occupancy and abundance of multiple parasites in wild hosts starting at birth. Here, we studied community dynamics of twelve subtypes of protozoan microparasites (Theileria spp.) in a herd of African buffalo. We show that Theileria communities followed predictable patterns of succession underpinned by four different parasite life-history strategies. In contrast to many free-living communities, network complexity decreased with host age. Examining parasite communities through the lens of succession may better inform the effect of complex within host eco-evolutionary dynamics on infection outcomes, including parasite co-existence through the lifetime of the host.

The enigmatic “y-larvae” (Pancrustacea: Facetotecta) still have an incompletely understood lifecycle, and their adult forms remain unknown despite their discovery more than 100 years ago and their documented global occurrence from shallow waters to the deep-sea. Only two of the 17 formally described species, all based on larval stages, have been investigated using an integrative taxonomic approach that, besides providing descriptions of the morphology of the naupliar and cyprid stages, also made use of exuvial voucher material and DNA barcodes. To improve our knowledge about the systematics and phylogenetics of y-larvae, we developed a novel protocol that maximizes the amount of morphological, ecological, and molecular data that can be harvested from single individuals of these tiny larvae. This revolves around single larva barcoding, and includes daily imaging of y-nauplii reared in culture dishes, mounting of their last naupliar exuviae on a slide as a reference voucher, live imaging of the y-cyprid instar that follows, and fixation, DNA extraction, amplification, and sequencing of the y-cyprid specimen. By developing and testing a suite of new primers for both nuclear and mitochondrial protein-coding and ribosomal genes, we estimated the most comprehensive phylogeny of Facetotecta to date. We expect that our novel procedure will help to unravel the complex systematics of y-larvae and show how these fascinating larval forms have evolved. Moreover, we posit that our protocols should work on larval specimens of a diverse array of molting marine invertebrate taxa.

Currently, there is an epidemic of extensively drug-resistant typhoid in Pakistan. We present a case of a 16-year-old female with extensively drug-resistant typhoid on blood cultures and associated complications: meningitis and bilateral sixth cranial nerve involvement, which is the first-ever case reported in Pakistan.

Controlling the process of CHO cell fed-batch culture is critical for biologics quality control. However, the biological complexity of cells has hampered the reliable process understanding for industrial manufacturing. In this study, a workflow was developed for the consistency monitoring and biochemical marker identification of the commercial-scale CHO cell culture process through 1H NMR assisted with multivariate data analysis (MVDA). Firstly, a total of 63 metabolites were identified in this study object in 1H NMR spectra of the CHO cell-free supernatants. Secondly, multivariate statistical process control (MSPC) charts were used to evaluate process consistency. According to MSPC charts, the batch-to-batch quality consistency was high, indicating the CHO cell culture process at the commercial scale was well-controlled. Then, the biochemical marker identification in the cell logarithmic expansion, stable growth, and decline phases were provided through orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) based S-line plots. L-glutamine, pyroglutamic acid, 4-hydroxyproline, choline, glucose, lactate, alanine, and proline were determined as biochemical markers of the logarithmic growth phase. Isoleucine, leucine, valine, acetate, and alanine were determined as biochemical markers of the stable growth phase. Acetate, glycine, glycerin, and gluconic acid were identified as biochemical markers of the cell decline phase. The workflow proposed in this study demonstrates that the combination of MVDA tools and 1H NMR technology is highly appealing to the research of the biomanufacturing process, and applies well to provide critical guidance in future work on consistency evaluation and biochemical marker monitoring of the production of other biologics.

Multijunction solar cells offer a path to very high conversion efficiency, exceeding 60% in theory. Under ideal conditions, efficiency increases monotonically with the number of junctions. In this study, we explore technical and economic mechanisms acting on tandem solar cells. We find that these mechanisms produce limitations that are the more pronounced the greater the number of junction is and, hence, limit the ideal number of junctions, as well as the corresponding efficiencies. Spectral variations induce current losses in series-connected tandem solar cells. For Denver, we find that these losses reduce achievable harvesting efficiencies to 51% for non-concentrated light, and that they restrict the ideal number of junctions to less than nine. Independently operated solar cells suffer from optical losses with similar consequences. Optical efficiencies of 99% restrict the ideal number of junctions to below ten, and reduce achievable efficiencies by more than 10%. Only architectures with a sequential cell illumination are more resilient to these losses. Restricting available materials reveals that a sufficiently low band gap for the bottom cell of 0.9 eV or below is expedient to realize high efficiencies. Economic considerations show that five junctions or less are economically ideal for most conceivable applications.

Manuscript titleInfection with male and femaleTrichuris trichiuradiagnosed in a non-epidemic areaAuthors: Masaki Inoue1, Marin Ishikawa2, Sho Tanaka1, Xinhan Zhang1, Hiromi Okada3, Takuto Miyagishima11 Department of Gastroenterology, Kushiro Rosai Hospital, Kushiro, Japan.2 Genomics Unit, Keio Cancer Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.3 Department of Surgical Pathology, Kushiro Rosai Hospital, Kushiro, Japan.Corresponding author: Masaki Inoue, MD, PhD, Department of Gastroenterology, Kushiro Rosai Hospital, 13-23, Nakazonocho, Kushiro, Hokkaido 085-8533, Japan.Tel: +81-154-22-7191E-mail: mokomokomomon@gmail.comConsent statement: Written informed consent was obtained from the patient to publish this report in accordance with the journal’s patient consent policy.Key words: endoscopy, Trichuris trichiura , parasite, whipwormConflict-of-interest statement: We have no financial relationships to disclose.Funding and Acknowledgement details: NoneExplanationA Burmese man in his 20s underwent colonoscopy at our hospital in Japan because of abdominal discomfort. He had come to Japan from Myanmar two years ago and had worked on a pig farm. He had had diarrhea for five months and was taking a drug for controlling intestinal function but had persistent abdominal discomfort. Blood samples showed elevated fractions of eosinophils (white blood cells 7900/μL, eosinophils 15.6%). Colonoscopy (PCF-H290ZI; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) showed that there were four whipworms including one brown whipworm and three white whipworms in the cecum and ascending colon. The white whipworm was attached to the cecum mucosa ([Fig. 1], [Fig. 2]). The brown one was detected at the ascending colon. Magnified endoscopy and narrow band imaging showed that it had a stripe pattern and that its cranium was burrowing under the colonic mucosa ([Fig. 3]). The whipworms coiled themselves up and wound slowly in response to a stimulus. We removed all of them by using biopsy forceps. Histopathological examination revealed that the brown one was a female whipworm (Trichuris trichiura ) and the three white worms were male ([Fig. 4], [Fig. 5]). The female had a uterus with worm eggs. The egg inspection was negative. After oral administration of Mebendazole, his abdominal discomfort disappeared.T. trichiura 　infection is prevalent in tropical regions and non-epidemic in Japan. T. trichiura is thought to live for one to eight years as an adult [1]. Therefore, the worms that the patient was infected with in Myanmar could have lived for two years in Japan.T. trichiura parasitizes only humans through fecal-oral transmission. In non-epidemic areas, the frequency of endoscopic identification has been increasing due to the increasing number of immigrants from epidemic countries [2]. To prevent infection, it is important to pay attention to sanitary conditions such as soil and water sources [3].References[1] D.E. ElliotIntestinal wormsM. Feldman, L.S. Friedman, L.J. Brandt (Eds.), Sleisenger and Fordtran’s gastrointestinal and liver disease: pathophysiology/diagnosis/management (8th ed), Elsevier, Philadelphia (2006), pp. 2435-2457[2] Lorenzetti R, Campo SM, Stella F, Hassan C, Zullo A, Morini S. An unusual endoscopic finding: Trichuris trichiura . Case report and review of the literature. Dig Liver Dis. 2003 Nov;35(11):811-3. doi: 10.1016/s1590-8658(03)00455-9. PMID: 14674673.[3] Kattula D, Sarkar R, Rao Ajjampur SS, Minz S, Levecke B, Muliyil J, Kang G. Prevalence & risk factors for soil transmitted helminth infection among school children in south India. Indian J Med Res. 2014 Jan;139(1):76-82. PMID: 24604041; PMCID: PMC3994744.Figure 1A white whipworm in the cecum. Histopathological examination revealed that it was a male worm. The other two white whipworms were in the ascending colon.Figure 2A brown whipworm in the ascending colon. Histopathological examination revealed that it was a female worm.Figure 3A picture of the female worm obtained by using narrow band imaging showed that its cranium was burrowing under the colonic mucosa.Figure 4Histopathological image of a male whipworm.Figure 5Histopathological image of the female whipworm.

“RNA-templated/directed DNA repair” is a new biological mechanism that has been experimentally demonstrated in bacteria, yeast and mammalian cells. Different RNAs or artificial DNA/RNA hybrid molecules have been used to study their role in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. Recent work also demonstrated that small non-coding RNAs (DDRNAs produced by DICER, Drosha) and/or newly RNAPII transcribed RNA (dilncRNA) are orchestrating the initial steps in DSB repair processes, giving another hint for the involvement of RNA in DNA repair processes. Here we demonstrate that pre-mRNA molecules could be used for DSB repair. Our mamma¬lian cell culture system is based on 3 components: (1) a mutated reporter gene producing an intron-containing pre-mRNA, (2) an sgRNA-guided dCas13b::ADAR RNA editor specific for this pre-mRNA, and (3) I-SceI to create a transient DSB situation. We were able demonstrate that the ADAR-edited pre-mRNA is being used in cis for DSB repair, thereby converting the mutated reporter gene into an active reporter gene due to reconstituted splicing. We also used overexpression and knock-down of several proteins to investigate their putative role in this novel RNA-mediated DNA repair (RmDR) pathway. Based on our data, RNA can be used as template for DNA repair processes.

Objective: To analyze the clinical features and risk factors of tigecycline-associated thrombocytopenia. Methods: A retrospective case-control study of patients who were treated with tigecycline was conducted between January 2018 and June 2022. Results: A total of unique 506 patients were screened in this study. 12.3% of patients experienced thrombocytopenia. thrombocytopenia developed 2 to 22 days after the initiation of tigecycline, with a median (25-75th percentile) of 9 (6–11) days. Mild to moderate (grades 1-2) thrombocytopenia occurred in 60.9% (28/46) patients and severe (grades 3-4) thrombocytopenia occurred in 39.1% (18/46) patients. In the multivariate analysis, age≥74 years (p=0.028), risk of malnutrition (p<0.001), tigecycline therapy for ≥7 days (p=0.003), DBIL>8.1μmol/L (p<0.001)), BUN>8.1mmol/L (p=0.002) were independent risk factors associated with thrombocytopenia. 70.7% (65/92) of patients in the control group had 0-2 risk factors. Whereas in the thrombocytopenia group, all patients had risk factors and 95.7% (44/46) had 3 to 5 risk factors, only 4.4%(2/46) of patients had 0-2 risk factor. Conclusion: Tigecycline administration was associated with thrombocytopenia. Health professionals should be aware of the potentially severe tigecycline-associated thrombocytopenia and monitor platelet count level, especially when the patients have more than 3 risk factors.

Purpose: While much has been written about how distributed networks address internal validity, external validity is rarely discussed. We aimed to define key terms related to external validity, discuss how they relate to distributed networks, and identify how three networks (the US Food and Drug Administration’s Sentinel System, the Canadian Network for Observational Drug Effect Studies [CNODES], and PCORnet, the National Patient Centered Clinical Research Network, initiated and supported by the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute. Methods: We define external validity, target populations, target validity, generalizability, and transportability and describe how each relates to distributed networks. We then describe Sentinel, CNODES, and PCORnet and how each approaches these concepts. Results: Each network approaches external validity differently Sentinel answers regulatory questions in the general US population using data from commercial health plans and Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries and considers external validity when exploring outliers or performing subgroup analyses to examine potential heterogeneity of treatment effects. CNODES focuses on a Canadian target population but includes UK and US data and thus has to make decisions about which partners can be included in each analysis. PCORnet supports a wider array of studies including randomized trials and often assesses whether a given study will be representative of the wider US population. Conclusions: There is no one-size-fits-all approach to external validity within distributed networks. With these networks and comparisons between their findings becoming a key part of pharmacoepidemiology, there is a need to adapt tools for improving external validity to the distributed network setting.

Background: As the COVID-19 pandemic evolves, many pediatricians and infants’ parents have been left with renewed questions about the consequences of infection on children and steps to be taken if their child has symptoms of, or tests positive for, COVID-19. Methods & Results: Literature reviews and recent studies revealed that children are better than adults at combating SARS –CoV‑2. There was conflicting evidence on age-related differences in ACE2 expression in the nose and lungs. However, measurements of SARS-CoV-2 viral load’ have shown no clear difference. Strikingly, cross-reactive antibodies from previous exposure to coronavirus common cold do not offer any special protection in both children and adults. The kid’s immune response against SARS‑ CoV-2 infection is initiated with low immunological tone to prevent overactive immunity and is characterized by rapid lung damage repair in contrast to stormy waves in adults. Conclusion: One of the few silver linings of the COVID-19 pandemic is that children are relatively spared and wining with their immunity.

A 45-year-old man presented with complaints of intermittent fever and chest pain for 3 weeks. He had a 30-year history of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Transthoracic- echocardiography (TTE) and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) successfully diagnosed aortic vegetations and cast-type PDAs, but additional PDA terminal vegetations were found TEE, and PDA vegetations were also found in coronary CT. Multi model imaging has important value for its accurate diagnosis and treatment.

The impact of combined heat and drought stress was investigated in Arabidopsis thaliana and compared to individual stresses to reveal additive effects and interactions. A combination of plant metabolomics and root and rhizosphere bacterial metabarcoding were used to unravel effects at the plant holobiont level. Hierarchical cluster analysis of metabolomics signatures pointed out two main clusters, one including heat and combined heat and drought, and the second cluster that included the control and drought treatments. Overall, phenylpropanoids and nitrogen-containing compounds, hormones and amino acids showed the highest discriminant potential. A decrease in alpha diversity was observed upon stress, with stress-dependent differences in bacterial microbiota composition. The shift in beta-diversity highlighted the pivotal enrichment of Proteobacteria, including Rhizobiales, Enterobacteriales and Azospirillales. The results corroborate the concept of stress interaction, where the combined heat and drought stress is not the mere combination of the single stresses. Intriguingly, multi-omics interpretations evidenced a good correlation between root metabolomics and root bacterial microbiota, indicating an orchestrated modulation of the whole holobiont.

Background: The Micra Coverage with Evidence Development (CED) Study is a novel comparative analysis of Micra (leadless VVI) and transvenous single-chamber ventricular pacemakers (transvenous VVI) using administrative claims data. Objective: To compare chronic complications, device reinterventions, heart failure hospitalizations, and all-cause mortality after 3 years of follow-up.  Methods: U.S. Medicare claims data linked to manufacturer device registration information were used to identify Medicare beneficiaries with a de novo implant of either a Micra VR leadless VVI or transvenous VVI pacemaker from March 9, 2017-December 31, 2018. Unadjusted and propensity score overlap-weight adjusted Fine-Gray competing risk models were used to compare outcomes at 3 years.   Results: Leadless VVI patients (N=6,219) had a 32% lower rate of chronic complications and a 41% lower rate of reintervention compared with transvenous VVI patients (N=10,212) (chronic complication hazard ratio [HR] 0.68; 95% CI, 0.59-0.78; reintervention HR 0.59; 95% CI 0.44-0.78). Infections rates were significantly lower among patients with a leadless VVI (<0.2% versus 0.7%, P<0.0001). Patients with a leadless VVI also had slightly lower rates of heart failure hospitalization (HR 0.90; 95% CI 0.84-0.97). There was no difference in the adjusted 3-year all-cause mortality rate (HR 0.97; 95% CI, 0.92-1.03).  Conclusion: This nationwide comparative evaluation of leadless VVI versus transvenous VVI de novo pacemaker implants demonstrated that the leadless group had significantly fewer complications, reinterventions, heart failure hospitalizations, and infections than the transvenous group at 3 years, confirming that the previously reported shorter-term advantages associated with leadless pacing persist and continue to accrue in the medium-to-long-term.

Renal Nutcracker Syndrome: A case series and systematic review of an uncommon and underdiagnosed conditionSH Samat, MD, S Park, MD, EJ Weiler, MD,, M Torabi, MD, K Schank, MD, J Lin, MD.

Mainak Saha1,21Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur-713209, India2Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, IndiaAbstract - While descending through different layers of atmosphere with tremendously high velocities, hypersonic re-entry nosecones fabricated using ultra-high temperature ceramic matrix composites (UHTCMCs) are subjected to repeated thermal shocks. This necessitates extensive investigations on the cyclic oxidation behaviour of UHTCMCs at temperatures ranging from 1100°C to 1300°C (service temperature of the nosecones). To this end, the present work is aimed at investigating the cyclic oxidation behaviour of ZrB2 -20 vol.%MoSi2 (ZM20) UHTCMC (a very widely investigated ZM CMC) by carrying out cycles for 6h, at 1cycle/h and estimating oxidation kinetic law. This has been followed by extensive characterisation using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to indicate the phases formed during oxidation and Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), in order to determine the chemical composition of the oxides formed between 1100°C and 1300°C.Keywords- Borides; ceramic composites; cyclic oxidation; kinetics; oxide layerAmong UHTCs, ZrB2-based ceramics have been reported to be potential candidates for the manufacture of reusable Thermal Protection Systems (TPS) in Hypersonic re-entry nosecones, due to very high thermal conductivity and relatively low density [1,2]. However, the low fracture toughness and poor thermal shock resistance of these ceramics pose major obstacles to their use in extreme environment [3]. Moreover, the poor oxidation resistance of ZrB2 at temperatures above 1200°C, due to formation of B2O3, and a non-protective porous scale of ZrO2 [4], poses restrictions to its use at elevated temperatures, especially above 1200°C. Thus, it becomes extremely important to find materials, which may highly enhance the oxidation resistance of ZrB2 [5-8]. A significant amount of work has already been done in that direction [8-12]. Besides, a significant amount of research has been done on reinforcing diborides like ZrB2, HfB2 and TiB2 with SiC, MoSi2, or ZrSi2 for enhanced oxidation resistance beyond 800°C [3- 23]. However, a limited amount of study has been made on cyclic oxidation of ZM20 at temperatures exceeding 1100°C, which is not at all unlikely, in the context of Hypersonic nosecones, during a high velocity descent through different layers of atmosphere. Thus, the scope of the present study is to investigate the cyclic oxidation behaviour of ZM20 between 1100 and 1300 °C.The important conclusions drawn from the results and discussions of this study have been elucidated. Cyclic oxidation behaviour of ZrB2-20 vol.% MoSi2 composite have been studied at 1100 °C, 1200 °C, 1250 °C and 1300 °C for 6hrs. Monitoring weight change and examining oxide scales draw following conclusions:(i) Weight gain for both the composites increased with increasing temperature and time. (ii) Weight gain occurred due to formation of ZrO2 and SiO2, at elevated temperatures. (iii) The main oxidation products were ZrO2, MoO3 and SiO2. (iv) At 1200 °C and above, the presence of SiC particles markedly improves the resistance to oxidation of the composite due to the formation of borosilicate glass.(v) Due to formation of oxide layer on the surface, the hardness of the samples i.e. its mechanical properties decreased from center to surface.(vi) The cyclic oxidation of the samples follow linear oxidation kinetics from 1100 to 1250 ºC while at 1300 ºC it follows parabolic oxidation kinetics due to the protective action of SiO2 above 1250 ºC.The results of the present study and their analyses lead to the following directions for future work: (i) The oxidation kinetics of the samples beyond 1300 ºC can be studied. (ii) Residual strain calculations can be carried out. (iii) Mathematical modelling study of the oxidation kinetics can be carried out. (iv) TEM study of the samples can be carried out for more precarious measurements. (v) Carrying out diffusion studies on oxide layer.AcknowledgementThe authors are grateful to the Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, NIT Durgapur and Central Research Facility(CRF), IIT Kharagpur, for their support to carry out the work and hereby declare no conflict of interest.

Rare Post Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis presentations include back pain and constipation.Paniz Pourpashang,1 Fatemeh Nili,2 Masoumeh Mohkam,3 Arefeh Zahmatkesh41 Department of pediatric nephrology, Shahid Beheshti Medical University, Tehran, Iran2 Department of pathology, Imam Khomeini hospital complex, Tehran university of medical sciences3Pediatric Nephrology Research Center, Research Institute for Children’s Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran4School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Correspondence should be addressed to Arefeh Zahmatkesh; arefeh.zhmtksh@gmail.com Abstract:Background: Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) is a common disease that occurs after pharyngitis or dermatitis involvement with streptococcus. The disease complications are vary including rare neurological disorder like, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). Although the disease has some common symptoms like hypertension, oliguria or anuria, and neurological defects, there have been no reports of a child having severe back pain or constipation up until this point. Case presentation: Here, we represent a child with severe back pain and constipation that was diagnosed as PRES syndrome followed PSGN. Conclusion: Despite several studies on PSGN, attention to different and rare associated symptoms could help practitioners with accurate diagnoses. In addition, made us investigate the disease entity. Keywords: Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, back-pain, constipation, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome.Introduction The most common cause of acute glomerulonephritis in children is post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN), which typically affects children between the ages of 3 and 12 years and is uncommon in children under the age of 3 year. Hematuria, oliguria, edema, and hypertension are the most typical symptoms of PSGN. [1, 2]  The severity of PSGN can vary, and patients may present with subclinical symptoms or require dialysis, and the majority of cases follow pharyngitis caused by streptococci infections.[3, 4] One of the uncommon side effects of PSGN is posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), which typically manifests as headache, vision loss, and seizures. The etiology and clinical manifestation of PRES in children differ from those in adults, but renal diseases predominated in a large systematic review. [5] There are many different PSGN manifestations, but back pain and constipation have not yet received much attention, despite the PRES syndrome diagnosis.  In this study, we described a 10-year-old boy who complained of back pain and constipation and was ultimately diagnosed with PSGN and PRES syndrome together.Case presentation: A 10-year-old boy was referred to our clinic complaining of severe constipation, oliguria, and edema. He had previously undergone evaluations and had a raised serum creatinine level. He also had a history of visiting a crowded area and later experiencing fever and other flu-like symptoms. The symptoms were treated with conservative treatment. In his past medical history, he had been completely healthy, had no medical or familial disorders, and had completed his series of vaccinations.He was referred to our clinic with peri-orbital edema, congestion during a chest exam, hypertension, and anuria. His parents also reported that he had normal urination in the previous two days before a sudden onset of low-volume urination. He was given Lasix with normal saline, but he did not respond to this treatment, and laboratory tests revealed elevated creatinine levels. Table 1. Large kidneys were seen during an abdominal ultrasound study, and as a result of his high creatinine level, anuria, and lack of response to Lasix therapy, the patient underwent sessions of emergent dialysis.On the second day of hospitalization, the patient started experiencing severe low back pain, which persisted throughout dialysis. Considering the laboratory results and the requirement for daily dialysis, a kidney biopsy was performed with the intention of confirming PSGN (Figure 1); however, the biopsy report revealed PSGN without crescentic features. On the third day of his hospital stay, the patient experienced a seizure that was controlled with phenytoin and carbamazepine. As a result, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) without contrast was carried out, and the results revealed PRES (Figure 2) He also received rasburicase for hyperuricemia, adjusted doses of ciprofloxacin, meropenem, and cefazoline, as well as five doses of methyl prednisolone for the treatment of PSGN. Following the methylprednisolone prescription, the patient's symptoms improved noticeably, and PSGN therapy was used to treat the patient's back pain and constipation.The patient was given a clean bill of health and was referred for follow-up exams. At the most recent checkup, his kidney size and creatinine level were both within normal ranges.ranges.Discussion: Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) is known as rapid deterioration of kidney functions because of an inflammatory process that included type III hypersensitivity reaction after streptococcal infection. This condition is primarily caused by a beta-hemolytic streptococcus known as nephrogenic streptococci, which affects the glomeruli of the kidneys and small blood vessels. PSGN typically appears in children 1–2 weeks after a sore throat.[4, 6] In our case, a 10-year-old boy had edema, hypertension, and other typical PSGN presentations after experiencing flu-like symptom. The most frequent side effect of PSGN is hypertension, which has a presentation rate of about 64%. After receiving full treatment, hypertension may recur in 3 to 6% of PSGN patients. [7, 8] Children with PSGN involvement may exhibit abnormal neurological symptoms like generalized seizures because of severe hypertension, which affects about 30 to 35 percent of children with PSGN. [4, 9] Additionally, hypertension can result from PRES, a term for hypertensive encephalopathy that was first used in 1996 and PRES causes seizures in patients. [10] One widely accepted PRES mechanism theory links the rise in blood pressure to a hypertensive emergency that causes a breakdown in cerebral autoregulation.[11] despite the fact that the child in our case had one seizure, which was stopped by carbamazepine, it is crucial for pediatricians to be aware of the seizure occurrence in kids with PSGN because it can negatively affect neurological function. In general, PRES with PSGN usually has a favorable prognosis. According to prior studies, clinical findings fully resolve if it is quickly diagnosed and treated.[5] Although reports on the association between back pain and PSGN on children are limited, some studies reported back pain presentation with different glomerulonephritis diagnosis in adult after infections. Study by Kadapia et al. reported back pain in a 39-year-old man with post infectious glomerulonephritis, who well responded to corticosteroid therapy. [12] Another study showed Minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) after B type influenza in a 50-years-man with progressive back pain, which spontaneous remission accrued without corticosteroid therapy.[13] However, in our study back pain resolved after corticosteroid administrations, because of less information, more case reports and studies need to investigate the treatment. In addition, no study was reported constipation in PSGN. Although constipation is highly frequent among patients with chronic kidney disease and uremic toxin could affect intestinal motility, [14] there is no reported on constipation in PSGN. Therefor more studies needed.   The predictors of poor long-term prognosis of PSGN include the presence of nephrotic syndrome, crescent formation on biopsy findings, and renal insufficiency at onset. [15] Wong et al. evaluated 27 PSGN patients who required renal biopsies due to acute severe glomerulonephritis, anuric renal failure, and nephrotic nephritic syndrome. They found that 12 patients required acute dialysis and that 11 patients had crescents that were higher than 50% on the biopsies, and that patients with crescentic glomerulonephritis had a greater need for acute dialysis.[3] Kidney damage may persist years after PSGN because of secondary inflammation after infection due to the nephron’s damages.[16] However, our patient was anuric, after daily dialysis, pathology specimen didn’t reported cresentric and his symptoms start regretting.In most cases, PSGN is a self-limiting condition, so supportive treatment for managing the effects of overload like edema and hypertension should be carried out. Only symptomatic treatment is advised. [15]  Antihypertensive medications in cases with uncontrolled blood pressure, the use of calcium channel blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are recommended. There is no evidence to support the use of immunosuppressive medications in PSGN patients, but they may be helpful in those with progressive renal failure. [17] Immunosuppressive and antihypertensive medications were used to control the disease in our patient, and with these medications, all patient manifestations were resolved. In fact, after receiving methylprednisolone, all patient manifestations regressed.conclusionIn conclusion, PSGN is a self-limiting disease that can manifest as hypertension, neurological disorders. However, we can explain these manifestations due to PRES, back pain and constipation were not previously reported in studies with this syndrome. pediatricians and physicians should be aware of these manifestations in PSGN. If there is any doubt about PSGN and the patient exhibits either of these symptoms, PSGN treatment should be initiated. If the constipation or back pain persists, doctors should be evaluated.Author’s contributionConceptualization: PPValidation: MM and FNInvestigation: PPResource:  PPData correction: MM and FNWriting original draft preparation: PPWriting review and editing: AZVisualization: PP and MMSupervision: MMProject administration: AZEthics approval and consent to participate: Informed consent was obtained from the patient and parents of the patient prior to being included in the study.Consent for publication: Written consent for publication was taken from the patient and her parents.Availability of data and materials: Not applicable.Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this research.Acknowledgments: We thank the patient and her family for their contribution to this studyReferences 1.            Kari, J.A., A. Bamagai, and S.M. Jalalah, Severe acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis in an infant. Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation, 2013. 24(3): p. 546.2.            Demircioglu Kılıc, B., et al., Pediatric post‐streptococcal glomerulonephritis: Clinical and laboratory data. Pediatrics International, 2018. 60(7): p. 645-650.3.            Wong, W., M.C. Morris, and J. Zwi, Outcome of severe acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis in New Zealand children. Pediatric nephrology, 2009. 24(5): p. 1021-1026.4.            Eison, T.M., et al., Post-streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis in children: clinical features and pathogenesis. Pediatric Nephrology, 2011. 26(2): p. 165-180.5.            Shi, Y., et al., Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome secondary to acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis in a child: a case report from the Tibetan plateau. BMC neurology, 2022. 22(1): p. 1-7.6.            Rawla, P., S.A. Padala, and D. 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New England Journal of Medicine, 1996. 334(8): p. 494-500.11.          Mandal, D., et al., Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome in a Patient with Post Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis: A Case Report. JNMA: Journal of the Nepal Medical Association, 2020. 58(232): p. 1072.12.          Kapadia, A., M. Panda, and A. Fogo, Postinfectious glomerulonephritis: Is there a role for steroids? Indian journal of nephrology, 2011. 21(2): p. 116.13.          Haruki, A., et al., Spontaneous remission of adult-onset minimal change nephrotic syndrome associated with influenza B infection: a case report. BMC nephrology, 2018. 19(1): p. 1-5.14.          Ikee, R., K. Yano, and T. Tsuru, Constipation in chronic kidney disease: It is time to reconsider. Renal Replacement Therapy, 2019. 5(1): p. 1-10.15.          VanDeVoorde 3rd, R.G., Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis: the most common acute glomerulonephritis. 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Objectives: Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide in men, with a huge geographical variation both in incidence and mortality. Whereas, the incidence is higher in developed countries, mortality is higher in developing countries. The reasons for high mortality in these countries include variation in practice leading to early diagnosis. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine learning (ML) are increasingly being used to improve the diagnostic accuracy of prostate cancer. We interrogated the published literature to review the usage of AI and ML in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Methods: Research databases such as SCOPUS, Web of Science (WoS), and Google Scholar were searched to identify articles related to AI/ML in the diagnosis and management of prostate cancer. Key-words included (“prostate” AND “cancer”), (“machine” AND (“learn” OR “learning”)) OR (“artificial” AND (“intelligence” OR “intelligent”)). Results Using a screening criterion, 293 reviewed research papers were identified. The two most consistent themes were predictive modeling and application of AI/ ML tools for cancer grading and radiomics. AI and ML enhance the diagnostic accuracy by reducing the inter-individual variation in Gleason’s scoring, and complimenting the interpretation of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI). A few publications reported the use of AI/ML tools by combining histopathology and MRI signals. Conclusions: AI and ML can improve the diagnostic accuracy of prostate cancer. Literature is beginning to emerge suggesting to use a combination of demographic features, clinical data, serological markers, pathological grading and radiological factors, and genomic data, to propose accurate non-invasive diagnosis of clinically significant prostate cancer.

•Primary nasal lymphoma is mainly non-Hodgkin lymphoma; NK/T-cell lymphoma is the most common type. •Nasal non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma mainly occurs in middle-aged and older men. •Clinical symptoms of patients with nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma are unspecific and the early symptoms are atypical. The main signs, changes in nasal microbiota, nasal mucosa, and surrounding organs, are easily misdiagnosed as sinusitis and nasal polyps, complicating patient awareness at the early stage. •Nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma is rare and clinically highly aggressive with a high recurrence rate and poor prognosis. Therefore, early detection and diagnosis are crucial. •Clinicopathological manifestations of nasal non-Hodgkin lymphoma are complex, and the final pathological classification needs to be confirmed using pathology and immunohistochemistry.

A hybrid linear-quadratic filter is proposed for images corrupted by Gaussian noise. The filter is designed to yield a simple control of noise cancellation and detail preservation by using the piecewise linear or quadratic functions. Experimental results demonstrate the better performance of the proposed filter compared to the existing piecewise linear filter.

Radar is an important means of wireless detection. Current doppler radar technology has the problems of poor linearity, large DC offset, and large power consumption. To solve the DC offset and reduce power consumption, this letter presents a 5.8-GHz low-power Doppler radar sensing system and an active-RC low-pass filter (LPF) with automatic DC offset calibration (ADCOC). The proposed ADCOC comprises a comparator, SAR logic, and an IDAC. The proposed LPF is capable of operating in the interrupt mode and can reduce power consumption by 99% when the duty cycle is set to 1%. The system uses a 55-nm CMOS process, and the LPF enables gain adjustment from 0 to 45 dB. ADCOC enables calibration of DC offset within 500 mV and DC offset within 9.8 mV after calibration. The overall power consumption of the LPF is 1.914 mW, with an area of 0.15 mm2. The proposed design is of great significance for improving the performance of radar systems.

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a rare, but severe complication of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It develops approximately four weeks after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and involves hyperinflammation with multisystem injury, commonly progressing to shock. The exact pathomechanism of MIS-C is not known, but immunological dysregulation leading to cytokine storm plays a central role. In response to the emergence of MIS-C, the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) established a task force (TF) within the Immunology Section in May 2021. With the use of an online Delphi process, TF formulated clinical statements regarding immunological background of MIS-C, diagnosis, treatment, follow-up, and the role of COVID-19 vaccinations. MIS-C case definition is broad, and diagnosis is made based on clinical presentation. The immunological mechanism leading to MIS-C is unclear and depends on activating multiple pathways leading to hyperinflammation. Current management of MIS-C relies on supportive care in combination with immunosuppressive and/or immunomodulatory agents. The most frequently used agents are systemic steroids and intravenous immunoglobulin. Despite good overall short-term outcome, MIS-C patients should be followed-up at regular intervals after discharge, focusing on cardiac disease, organ damage, and inflammatory activity. COVID-19 vaccination is a safe and effective measure to prevent MIS-C. In anticipation of further research, we propose a convenient and clinically practical algorithm for managing MIS-C developed by the Immunology Section of the EAACI.

Whereas this magnetic flux leakage classifier assured the safe operation of in-service pipelines, its magnetization impact might affect pipeline steel corrosion, particularly for pipelines with flaws in service. In this paper, the weight loss method, AC impedance technique, potentiodynamic polarization technique,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and finite element simulation were used to analyze the impact of magnetic field (MF) on the corrosion behavior of high-strength pipeline steel with V-groove flaws in Ku’erle simulated solution. The vertical MF increased corrosion near the left end of a V-groove slot in the Y-direction while inhibited corrosion on the right. And the perpendicular and parallel MF induced corrosion externally to the V-groove slot while inhibiting corrosion within the V-groove slot. Moreover, perpendicular and parallel MF on corrosion system are mainly due to magnetic field gradient force, whereas vertical MF is mainly related to Lorentz force.