Numerous species within the genus Caragana have high ecological and medicinal value. In this genus, however, species identification based on morphological characteristics is quite complicated; this issue can be resolved by analyzing the complete plastid genomes. We obtained the chloroplast genomes of two species using lllumina sequencing technology: Caragana arborescens and Caragana opulens, with lengths of 129,473 bp and 132,815 bp, respectively. The absence of inverted repeat sequences in the two species allowed them to be ascribed to the inverted repeat-lacking clade (IRLC). They comprise a total of 111 distinct genes (4 rRNA, 31 tRNA, and 76 protein-coding genes). In addition, 16 genes containing introns were identified in two genomes, the majority of which contained a single intron. C. arborescens and C. opulens were found to contain 129 and 229 repeats, as well as 277 and 265 simple repeats, respectively. The codon usage bias analysis revealed that the two Caragana species exhibit similar codon usage patterns. rpoC2-rps2, accD-cemA, rps18-clpP, rpoA-rpl36, and rpl2-rpl23 were identified as the five regions most likely to be mutated based on analysis of nucleotide diversity (Pi). Analysis of sequence divergence revealed that certain intergenic regions (matK-rbcL, psbM-petN, atpA-psbI, petA-psbL, psbE-petL, and rps7-rps12) are highly variable. Phylogenetic analysis showed that C. arborescens and C. opulens were related and clustered together as the other four Caragana species. And the genus Astragalus and Caragana were relatively closely related. These results provide a foundation for future phylogenetic research and the development of molecular markers for Caragana plants.

Background: In our previous study, we achieved large-scale expansion of bone marrow-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) derived from CD34+ cells cultured in human umbilical cord blood (hUCB) and demonstrated the immunomodulatory properties of these cells. This study aimed to assess the therapeutic efficacy of hUCB-MDSCs in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD). Methods: Dermatophagoides farinae (Df)-induced NC/Nga mice (clinical score of 7) were treated with hUCB-MDSCs or control drug. The mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of hUCB-MDSCs were evaluated using dermatitis scores, immunological parameters, skin histology, and skin barrier function analysis. Results: hUCB-MDSCs demonstrated immunosuppressive effects on both human and mouse CD4+ T cells. hUCB-MDSC administration significantly reduced the clinical severity scores and was associated with histopathological changes, such as reduced inflammatory cellular infiltration, epidermal hyperplasia, and fibrosis. hUCB-MDSC administration decreased the serum levels of IgE, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17, thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). Additionally, hUCB-MDSCs altered the expression of skin barrier function-related proteins such as filaggrin, involucrin, loricrin, and cytokeratin 10 and suppressed Df restimulated T-cell activation through cell–cell interactions. Furthermore, hUCB-MDSCs promote skin recovery and maintain their therapeutic effect even after recurrence. Conclusions: hUCB-MDSC administration improved Df-induced AD-like skin lesions and led to the restoration of skin barrier function. Furthermore, hUCB-MDSC treatment inhibited inflammatory responses and suppressed T-cell immune function. Therefore, the results of this study support the potential for hUCB-MDSCs as a novel treatment for AD.

Background: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a heterologous disease in respect to clinical symptoms, severity and responsiveness to treatment, and is often accompanied by somatic comorbidities. The objective of this study was to identify and characterize subgroups of patients with a first-time MDD diagnosis based on somatic drug utilization, including socio-demographic and clinical characteristics, and psychiatric healthcare-related outcomes. Methods: The nationwide register-based study included all Danish patients with an incident MDD diagnosis between 2011 and 2015. Using Latent Class Analysis (LCA), the population was sub-grouped according to somatic drug use (drug profiles). Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics at baseline and odds/hazards of shift in antidepressant treatment and psychiatric hospitalization one year after index were compared between the drug profiles. Trajectories of drug profile membership over time was also analyzed. Results: Of 37,080 MDD patients (mean age 41.5 years, 62% women), the LCA identified five unique somatic drug profiles: 1) limited drug use (74.3%), 2) drugs for pain management (7.6%), 3) cardiovascular drugs (10.7%), 4) drugs for obstructive airway diseases (2.3%) and 5) high drug burden (5.1%). There were large differences in age between the drug profiles, and limited drug use profile and high drug burden profile had lower rates of psychiatric hospitalization than the cardiovascular drug profile. When analyzing the trajectories, we found that the majority of the population continued in the same drug profile during all time intervals. Conclusion: The identified five somatic drug profiles were comparable in respect to the course of the depression during one year following diagnosis.

Paraquat is an extremely corrosive and lethal herbicide. After intentional or unintentional ingestion, paraquat causes extensive mucosal damages extending through the upper gastrointestinal tract which are characterized by pain, inflammation, ulceration, bleeding, and sloughing of the associated mucosa. The aim of this systematic review is to compile and evaluate evidence based studies in relation to the effectiveness of different methods of management of oral mucositis induced by paraquat in terms of reduction of associated pain and duration of symptoms.We undertook computerized electronic searches through both English and Chinese databases so as to identify all published articles in the subject. We also searched reference lists from relevant articles for any related articles. This review is not registered.A total of 10 relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTS) were selected after the electronic searches after satisfying our inclusion criteria. They were published between the 2000s and 2020. The primary outcome measurement assessed an improvement in the healing time/recovery time or adequate pain management. Interventions from all the studies highlighted the use of multi-agent management that included either oral care by the use of bland and multi-agent mouth rinses, corticosteroids, Chinese herbal remedies, growth factors, smectites or anti-oxidant therapy. The main findings were that the main method of management was the implementation of a multi-drug regimen, through the use of compounded preparations or a polydrug system. In addition, herbal and natural remedies, if used appropriately, can play a beneficial role in the management of paraquat induced oral mucositis.

In this study, we utilize the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization method to construct a new set of orthogonal polynomials called O B n ( x , q ) from the q−Bernoulli polynomials. We demonstrate the relationship between O B n ( x , q ) polynomials and the little q−Legendre polynomials, and derive a generalized formula for O B n ( x , q ) by leveraging the little q−Legendre polynomials. Furthermore, we present some properties of O B n ( x , q ) polynomials. Lastly, we introduce a hybrid of block-pulse function and orthogonal O B n ( x , q ) polynomials and examine various properties of these polynomials. 2000 Math. Subject. Classification: 11B68, 33C45

Tramadol, a centrally acting analgesic, has attracted considerable attention in recent years because of its potential anxiolytic effects. This short article presents new data on the anxiolytic properties of tramadol. The review encompasses preclinical and clinical studies, examining the pharmacological mechanisms underlying Tramadol's anxiolytic effects, its efficacy, safety profile, tolerability, dependency potential compared with benzodiazepines, and the various formulations available. The evidence suggests that Tramadol shows promise as a potent anxiolytic agent; however, further research is warranted to establish its long-term effects, optimal dosing strategies, and safety considerations.In the meantime, this work has undergone peer review under the auspices of Swabian Research. In some instances, however, the repository in which it is deposited has not implemented this important change in status, and this note is therefore being provided for clarification.

The chance for the development of right AFL is strictly related to changes in functional conduction properties of the atrial myocardium which are greatly influenced by fibrotic/scar tissue and increased atrial volume. If these circumstances take place, reduction in conduction velocity can favor a macro-reentry circuit with the wavefront that does not meet its refractory tail and perpetuate the arrhythmia. Therefore, the time required to traverse the entire circuit is related to the circuit’s functional properties. With pacing from the coronary sinus os the right atrial collision time (RACT) of the two wavefronts traveling the circuit in counterclockwise and clockwise direction is calculated. in this prospective study, a cut-off of 115.5 ms of RACT showed a sensitivity and specificity of 92.7% and 93.0% respectively for diagnosis of AFL and an ROC curve indicated an AUC of 0.96 (95% CI: 0.93-1.0, p<0.01). Based on these premises, RACT could be utilized as new marker for the propensity of developing typical AFL.

Gut microbiota andLactobacillus species maintain the small intestine stem cell niche and ameliorate the severity of necrotizing enterocolitis Svabova Tereza1*, Jelinkova Anna1, Gautam Umesh Kumar11Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 54922 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic.*corresponding author: tereza.svabova@biomed.cas.czThe microbiota plays an undisputed role in mammalian development and physiology. It enhances energy extraction from ingested food, protects against harmful pathogens, regulates immune function, and strengthens biochemical signaling. In mammals, including humans, colonization of the gut by microbes begins at birth1, and several recent studies have shown that the microbiome contributes to postnatal host development in early childhood. In this sense, microbial dysbiosis in infancy has been associated with certain diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, cardiometabolic disorders, cancer, and neuropsychiatric disorders2.The intestinal epithelial cells are in direct contact with a large number of bacteria and the external environment, forming a barrier between inside and outside while fulfilling a critical role in the absorption of nutrients. The small intestine crypt-villus architecture is a unique structure that provides a microenvironment in which intestinal stem cells (ISCs) differentiate into a variety of different epithelial subtypes. These subtypes include enterocytes, also known as intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), Paneth cells, goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, tuft cells, and microfold cells (M cells)3.Kim et al. demonstrated that early life gut microbiota exposure promotes the differentiation of intestinal stem cells into Paneth cells by regulating numbers of CD206+macrophages associated with epithelial Wnt signaling, which maintains mesenchymal niche cell proliferation (Figure 1). They suggested that the maintenance of this stem cell niche is critical for small intestinal homeostasis and its disruption (e.g., by antibiotic administration) can lead to inflammatory conditions, which can manifest as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). NEC is a severe inflammatory disease affecting the small intestine, especially in preterm infants, and is the leading cause of death in this group.To investigate the role of the microbiota and intestinal stem cell differentiation in the pathogenesis of NEC, Kim et al. induced NEC-like phenotypes in neonatal mice by exposing them to hypoxia and gavage feeding of hyperosmolar formula and LPS. ATB-induced dysbiosis resulted in further impaired stem cell niche in the small intestine and led to severe NEC manifestation. They also confirmed previous findings that microbial dysbiosis in NEC is associated with an increased abundance ofProteobacteria and a concomitant underrepresentation ofFirmicutes and Lactobacillus 4. To determine whether members of genus Lactobacillus affect Paneth cell formation during NEC onset, Kim et al. treated pregnant females and their pups with selected Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (Lr) strain in the presence or absence of NEC experimental conditions. They found that Lr transplantation corrected the impaired development of the mesenchymal niche and Paneth cell differentiation and consequently partially rescued the NEC-like phenotypes (Figure 1)4.Previous studies in germ-free mice and mice with Toll-like receptor knockout have highlighted the key relationship between the microbiome and NEC development5. Probiotic administration has been suggested as a potential strategy to prevent NEC. In general, probiotic bacteria, including Lactobacillus species, modulate microbiota composition, intestinal epithelial barrier function, and cytokine secretion. Kim et al. showed that transplantation of Lr restored the amount of Lactobacilli resulting in an improvement of NEC-like phenotypes. We have recently shown that administration ofLactiplantibacillus plantarum WJL also increased the proliferation of intestinal epithelial stem cells in chronically undernourished juvenile mice, resulting in improved growth of the young. This effect was strictly bacterial strain-dependent, and NOD2 signaling in intestinal epithelial cells was essential for the bacteria-mediated beneficial effect6. A growing body of evidence suggests that the strain specificity of probiotic microbes and their efficacy in alleviating specific diseases are crucial aspects that are often overlooked when selecting the best probiotic microbes7. Therefore, it would be important to determine whether all probiotic bacterial species or even different Lr strains promote the stem cell niche development by the same mechanism. Further, as it has been shown that NOD2 signaling plays a crucial role in epithelial stem cell proliferation, the role of this receptor in the NEC prevention and development should be probed.To sum up, the study by Kim et al. provides another important contribution to the understanding of the mechanism of NEC pathogenesis. However, more research is needed to fully understand the role ofLactobacilli and other probiotic bacteria in the prevention of NEC and to strengthen their potential as therapeutic agents to combat this serious disease.

Per the BJOG Author Guidelines, a Research Letter should not include an abstract or subheadings.

With advancements in polymer sciences, the innovation of two-dimensional nanomaterial-based polymer nanocomposites has come to light. These are a blend of nanoscale materials and polymers that give rise to advanced mechanical, morphological, electrical, and structural properties. Generally, two-dimensional nanomaterials, such as nanofilms, nanosheets, nanoribbons, nanofillers, and carbon nanotubes, are fabricated with a wide range of organic, inorganic, and metal polymers to acquire desirable properties. The chemistry of these nanomaterial-based nanocomposites shows that even a small amount of nanomaterial in the polymer matrix can result in enhanced material properties. The dielectric, conductive and energy storage properties of these materials are also of significant importance. These nanomaterial-based polymer nanocomposites are next-generation materials that will be highly utilized for different purposes. The blend of existing polymers and advanced 2d nanocomposites has proven expeditious solutions to many problems in the world. This review provides details about the mechanical, morphological, and electric properties of two-dimensional nanomaterial-based polymer nanocomposites and their respective characterization techniques.

Plant-based insulating oils are vital materials to enable a sustainable electric power industry. We have previously reported a newly-developed green insulating fluid with low viscosity, low pour point, and high fire point, which we term “medium-chain fatty acid trimethylolpropane triester” (MTT); however, its further application relies heavily on underlies the long-term aging performance. Here, we continually report the aging characteristics of MTT in comparison to those of FR3 oil. The results show that MTT demonstrates the superior anti-aging ability to the FR3 with relatively slow insulation performance decline. Furthermore, oxidation simulation based on the ReaxFF-CHO reveals that the C−O bond-breaking in the MTT oil molecule requires higher dissociation energy, resulting in twice as first-order reaction activation energy as the triglyceride molecules in FR3. Moreover, in the late stage of the thermal oxygen reaction, the polyhydroxy compounds produced by the oxygen reaction of the triglyceride molecules undergo intermolecular dehydration and condensation, leading to the formation of macromolecular polymerization products and thus ever-increasing viscosity of FR3. In contrast, MTT oil hardly undergoes intermolecular dehydration and condensation reaction, so its viscosity remains almost unchanged during the aging process.

Against the backdrop of deepening the reform of the electricity market and the widespread development of wind and solar renewable energy, wind and solar power units urgently need to enter the electricity market together with conventional units as emerging market entities. Due to the fluctuation and intermittency of the output of wind and solar power units, backup units are needed in the market to solve the problems caused by the uncertainty of their output. As an emerging market entity, energy storage has the characteristic of flexible charging and discharging, which can handle the deviation caused by output uncertainty of wind and solar power units. Firstly, a trading model framework was designed for wind and solar energy storage units to participate in the day-ahead spot market in both joint and independent modes. Secondly, a output uncertainty analysis model for wind and solar power units was established, and scenarios were generated and reduced using Latin hypercube and synchronous backpropagation methods. Thirdly, under risk neutral and risk non neutral based on conditional Value at risk respectively, the optimal trading models of independent and joint participation of wind, solar and reserve in the day ahead spot market are constructed. Finally, a calculation example is used to verify the practicality and effectiveness of the constructed model by solving the problem.

A document by Ehsan Barkam. Click on the document to view its contents.

Mass and Volume are important fundamental concepts in Mathematics and they are normally introduced at the Junior Secondary School level across Swaziland. However, simple as the concepts  appear to be, it has been observed, as presented in recent annual diagnostic reports, that learners repeatedly make some errors  informed by their misconception about these measurements. This paper investigates the causes of the common errors with a view to arresting the trend. 200 students and 15 science teachers were randomly selected from 5 secondary schools in Manzini region as a representation of the other three regions in Swaziland. A combination of cluster sampling and rating scale analysis was employed. Responses collected from questionnaires administered in the course of the work were thoroughly analyzed and interpreted. Some recommendations were also suggested.  

It has been found that CD226 plays an important role in regulating macrophage function, but its expression and function on macrophage during renal fibrogenesis have not been studied. Our data demonstrated that CD226 expression in macrophages was obviously upregulated in the UUO model, while CD226 deficiency attenuated collagen deposition in renal inerestitum along with fewer number of M1 within renal cortex and renal medulla and a lower level of proinflammatory factors compared to control littermates. Further studies demonstrated that Cd226-/–BMDMs transferring to Cd226+/+ mice could significantly reduce the tubular injury, collagen deposition and proinflammatory cytokines secretion compared with WT-BMDMs group and WT-PBS group in adoptively transferring assay. Mechanistic investigations revealed that CD226 could suppress KLF4 expression in macrophages, which subsequently promoted more proinflammatory M1 accumulation in the kidney of WT mice than that of CD226 deficient mice. In vitro, we silenced KLF4 expression in BMDMs deriving from WT or CD226 deficient mice and the trend that CD226 promting more numbers of M1 disappeared. Therefore, our results uncover a pathogenic role of CD226 during the development of CKD by promoting monocyte infiltration from peripheral blood into the kidney and enhancing macrophage activation towards to the inflammatory phenotype by suppressing KLF4 expression.

Resting state electroencephalographic (EEG) activity in schizophrenia (SZ) is frequently characterized by increased power at slow frequencies, and/or a reduction of peak alpha frequency. Here we investigated the nature of these effects. As most studies to date have been limited by reliance on a priori frequency bands which impose an assumed structure on the data, we performed a data-driven analysis of resting EEG recorded in SZ patients and healthy controls (HC). The sample consisted of 39 chronic SZ and 36 matched HC. The EEG was recorded with a dense electrode array. Power spectral densities were decomposed via Varimax-rotated principal component analysis (PCA) over all participants and for each group separately. Spectral PCA was repeated at the cortical level on cortical current source density computed from standardized low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography. There was a trend for power in the theta/alpha range to be increased in SZ compared to HC, and peak alpha frequency was significantly reduced in SZ. PCA revealed that this frequency shift was due to the presence of a spectral component in the theta/alpha range (6-9 Hz) that was unique to SZ. The source distribution of this component involved mainly prefrontal and parahippocampal areas. Abnormal low frequency resting EEG activity in SZ was accounted for by a unique theta/alpha oscillation. Other reports have described a similar phenomenon suggesting that the neural circuits oscillating in this range are relevant to SZ pathophysiology.

Infant faces readily capture adult attention and elicit enhanced neural processing, likely due to their importance evolutionarily in facilitating bonds with caregivers. Facial malformations have been shown to impact early infant-caregiver interactions negatively. However, it remains unclear how such facial malformations may impact early visual processing. The current study used a combination of eye tracking and electroencephalography (EEG) to investigate adults’ early visual processing of infant faces with cleft lip/palate as compared to normal infant faces, as well as the impact cleft palate has on perceived cuteness. The results demonstrate a significant decrease in early visual attention to the eye region for infants with cleft palate, while increased visual attention is registered on the mouth region. Increased neural processing of the cleft palate was evident at the N170 and LPP, suggesting differences in configural processing and affective responses to the faces. Infants with cleft palate were also rated significantly less cute than their healthy counterparts. These results suggest that infants’ faces suffering from cleft lip/palate are processed differently at early visual perception. These processing differences may contribute to several important aspects of development (e.g., joint attention) and may play a vital role in the previously observed difficulties in mother-infant interactions.

The theoretical importance lies in the significance of the studied topic and the sample used. This research has not been extensively studied in many Arab environments, especially in the Sultanate of Oman. Therefore, it will provide a coherent theoretical framework for understanding the nature of the relationship between the study variables and provide an analytical view of the reality of problems resulting from poor marital decision-making and its relationship to marital adjustment. Furthermore, this research provides an educational and scientific benefit by adding new literature and theoretical information related to its variables, collecting this information, and making it available to researchers and interested parties. Despite the numerous studies in the Arab world in the field of social support and marital adjustment, the field of social support related to the decision-making of marriage is still limited in the local community due to the lack of research, except for rare cases (to the best knowledge of the researchers).

A document by Me. Click on the document to view its contents.

Ralstonia solanacearum is a rod-shaped phytopathogenic bacterium that causes lethal wilt disease in many plants. On solid agar growth medium, in the early hour of the growth of the bacterial colony, the type IV pili-mediated twitching motility, which is important for its virulence and biofilm formation, is prominently observed under the microscope. In this study, we have done a detailed observation of twitching motility in R. solanacearum colony. In the beginning, twitching motility in microcolonies was observed as a density-dependent phenomenon that influences the shape and sizes of the microcolonies. No such phenomenon was observed in Escherichia coli, where twitching motility is absent. In the early phase of colony growth, twitching motility exhibited by the cells at the peripheral region of the colony was more prominent than the cells towards the centre of the colony. Using a time scale photography and merging those into a video, twitching motility was observed as an intermittent phenomenon that progresses in layers in all directions as finger-like projections at the peripheral region of a bacterial colony. Each layer of bacteria twitches on top of the other and produces a multi-layered film-like appearance. We found that the duration between the emergence of each layer diminishes progressively as the colony becomes older. This study on twitching motility demonstrates distinctly heterogeneity among the cells within a colony regarding their dynamics and the influence of microcolonies on each other regarding colony shape and size.

Background: There is considerable variation in recommendations from clinical practice guidelines on when and how to screen for glucose intolerance in people with cystic fibrosis (CF). In terms of glucose tolerance, the Australian Standards of Care state that blood glucose monitoring should be performed to exclude hyperglycaemia on a regular basis. Annual oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in patients 10 years or older should be considered and performed in patients with symptoms suggestive of glucose impairment or unexplained weight loss, growth failure or worsening respiratory disease.   In 2018, 13 (14%) of the eligible 99 patients with CF ≥10 years old had an OGTT.  Aims: To evaluate the added benefit of enhanced screening to children and adolescents with CF by improving screening to 50% by the end of 2020.  Methods:  A prospective cross-sectional quality improvement cycles was performed on patients in the CF clinic, ≥11 years for OGTT. Patients were excluded from OGTTs if they were prescribed insulin or prolonged oral/parenteral steroids.  Multiple quality improvement initiatives were tried. Each intervention was done as a plan-do-study-act cycles with refinement between each.  Results:  Screening for CF related diabetes (CFRD) increased in 2020 to 60% of >10 year olds. Four patients had new results suggestive of CFRD and ten had new impaired glucose tolerance.  The most successful strategy was sending letters to families.  Conclusion:  The Australian Standards of Care may require revision, as there may be a benefit of routine screening of all children at certain ages as opposed to waiting for symptoms.

The purpose of this study was to design and engineer a simple approach to enhance the catalytic activity and thermal stability of Lipase. Lipase is an enzyme with exciting multifarious applications in the industry. In this respect, we observed that the catalytic activity of Lipase was enhanced when it was subjected to in situ synthesis of silver nanoclusters (AgNCs) within the enzyme structure. At alkaline pH, the in situ synthesis of AgNCs inside Lipase altered its activity, and the resulting nanohybrid showed enhanced enzymatic activity. Compared with the catalytic efficiency of free Lipase (72.33 min -1 mM -1), the Lipase clustered with silver nanoclusters (L-AgNCs) showed enhanced catalytic efficiency (109.22 min -1 mM -1). Thermodynamic parameters of free Lipase and L-AgNCs were determined by calculating activation energy (Ea) values to be 19.92 KJ mol-1 and 17.29 KJ mol-1, respectively. The lower activation energy of L-AgNCs designates it to be more stabilized and highly active to bind with the substrate having a higher rate of reaction instead of free Lipase. Molecular docking analysis showed that silver binds to amino acid residues of the Lipase enzyme, which was also supported by the XPS analysis. Therefore, L-AgNCs conjugate represented a novel Lipase preparation technique with attributes of high activity and stability that could be an attractive choice in diverse applications ranging from catalysis to diagnostics. The overall study proposed an innovative strategy to improve enzyme stability and catalytic activity.

Transcranial pulsed current stimulation (tPCS) is a promising non-invasive brain stimulation technique that has gained considerable attention in recent years. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the existing literature on tPCS, examine the scope and nature of previous research, investigate its underlying mechanisms, and identify gaps in the literature. A search of online databases resulted in 36 published tPCS studies from inception until May 2023. These studies were categorized into three groups: human studies on healthy individuals, patient studies with pathological conditions, and animal studies. The findings suggest that tPCS has the potential to modulate brain excitability by entraining neural oscillations and utilizing stochastic resonance. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of tPCS are not yet fully understood and require further investigation. Furthermore, the included studies indicate that tPCS may have therapeutic potential for neurological diseases. However, before tPCS can be applied in clinical settings, a better understanding of its mechanisms is crucial. In this regard, the tPCS studies were categorized into four types of research: basic, strategic, applied, and experimental research, to identify the nature of the literature and gaps. Analysis of these categories revealed that tPCS, with its diverse parameters, effects, and mechanisms, presents a wide range of research opportunities for future investigations.

While historically confined to isolated research laboratories, electroencephalography (EEG) paradigms can finally be used in studies involving walking and other complex behaviors. This transition from isolated/immobile to unstructured mobile research can open new doors to understanding attentional processes as they occur naturally. However, there are current limitations in mobile EEG that must be overcome to achieve great quality signals. We examine the feasibility of mobile paradigms, including ecological validity, artifact correction techniques, and methodological considerations. We review several mobile studies related to attentional demands. This includes the replication of robust effects like the P3 in mobile paradigms in our lab, studies using walking, cycling, and dual tasking to study attention. We discuss how the mobile approach compliments traditional laboratory paradigms while it can add new dimensions to cognitive and attentional research. We discuss promising applications of portable EEG in workplace safety and other areas including road safety, rehabilitation medicine, and brain-computer interfaces.