Transcription presents challenges to genome stability both directly, by altering genome topology and exposing single-stranded DNA to chemical insults and nucleases, and indirectly by introducing potential obstacles to the DNA replication machinery. Such obstacles include the RNA polymerase holoenzyme itself, DNA bound regulatory factors, G-quadruplexes and RNA::DNA hybrid structures known as R-loops. Here we review the detrimental impacts of transcription on genome stability in budding yeast, as well as the mitigating effects of transcription-coupled DNA repair and of systems that maintain DNA replication fork processivity and integrity. We conclude that the impacts of transcription on DNA replication by the replisome must be very mild with little direct mutagenic outcome under normal conditions. However, transcription can significantly impair the fidelity of replication fork rescue mechanisms, particularly Break Induced Replication (BIR), which is used to restart collapsed replication forks when other means fail. This leads to de novo mutations, structural variation and extrachromosomal circular DNA formation that contribute to genetic heterogeneity. By re-analysing published datasets, we show that different classes of genes have different interactions with the replisome, and that highly transcribed environment dependant genes in S. cerevisiae tend to be located close to replication origins. We have previously implicated interactions between replication origins and BIR forks in adaptive transcription-induced copy number variation events, which indicates that environment dependent genes are preferentially located in genomic environments more prone to instability, particularly under replication stress.

A large body of evidence has shown that placebo effects of dietary supplements can improve sport performance. However, very few studies are conducted outside of the laboratory. This is important given that placebo effects may be more likely to be induced during highly controlled, artificial environments in the presence of a researcher. In the past three years, home-based, virtual-reality cycling has increased in popularity, where over 3-million athletes train or compete against athletes worldwide. The aim of this study was to examine placebo effects of an acute dose of beetroot juice during 20-minute cycling virtual reality time-trials. In line with the CONSORT statement, we used a between-participant, randomised balanced placebo design, and recruited 67 trained cyclists who performed 3x20-min cycling time-trials (familiarisation, baseline and experimental) on a virtual-reality software at home. During experimental trials, participants were randomised to one of four groups: 1) told beetroot juice/given beetroot juice, 2) told beetroot juice/given placebo, 3) told placebo/given beetroot juice, and 4) told placebo/given placebo, who received nitrate-rich beetroot juice (containing ~552 mg nitrate) or nitrate-depleted placebo (containing ~0.2 mg nitrate). Compared to baseline, performance during experimental time-trials was not different in any of the groups (effect size range: 0.00 to 0.14). Our results, indicate that placebo effects and beetroot juice do not improve virtual-reality 20-min cycling time-trial performance. These results have important considerations for future research to determine the occurrence of placebo effects and effectiveness of dietary supplements outside of the laboratory.

Affective Touch plays a pivotal role in regulating emotions, fostering social bonds and nurturing affiliations with others. The emotional and arousing dimensions associated to Affective Touch are linked to the activation of the CT- fibres system, an afferent pathway attuned to those specific features of tactile stimulations which characterize gentle human caresses, such as touch velocity and the nature of the stroking source. While previous research has examined the physiological responses in relation to these individual features of Affective Touch, no study has explored how they interact to shape autonomic activity. In this study, we investigated whether and how touch velocity (CT-optimal vs. CT-suboptimal) and the nature of the touching effector (Human hand vs. Artificial hand) influenced the participants’ pupil dilation and their subjective experience during tactile stimulation. We observed a higher pupil dilation when touch was delivered simultaneously at CT-optimal speed and by a human hand. This kind of touch invoked a supralinear enhancement of pupil dilation indicating that the combination of these two features induced a significantly stronger autonomic activation than the summed effects of each delivered separately. Moreover, this specific type of touch was perceived as the most pleasant compared to all other tactile stimulations. Therefore, pupil dilation appears to map the positive and pleasant experience of human-to-human tactile interactions. Collectively, our results support the notion that the autonomic nervous system encodes the emotional and hedonic aspects associated with Affective Touch as a complex and holistic social experience, rather than solely responding to its low-level sensory properties.

Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of ICD-10 codes for placenta accreta spectrum (PAS). Design: Validation study. Setting: Quaternary obstetric center in the U.S. Population: Patients who had a delivery or dilation and evacuation between October 2015 and March 2020. Methods: We reviewed medical records of patients who were (1) assigned an ICD-10 code for PAS (O43.21-O43.23), (2) had a histopathologic diagnosis of PAS, and/or (3) underwent a cesarean delivery with subsequent review of placental pathology. Main Outcome Measures: Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the ICD-10 PAS code assignments. Results: Among 22,345 patients, 104 (0.46%) had an ICD-10 code for PAS and 51 (0.23%) had a histopathologic diagnosis of PAS. ICD-10 codes for PAS had a sensitivity of 88% (95% CI: 76-96%), specificity of 97% (95% CI: 91-99%), positive predictive value of 43% (95% CI: 34-53%), and negative predictive value of 100% (95% CI: 96-100%). The sensitivities of the individual ICD-10 codes for placenta accreta, increta, and percreta were 72% (95% CI: 47-90%), 47% (95% CI: 21-73%), and 67% (95% CI: 41-87%), respectively. Based on chart review, primary reasons for code misassignment included code assigned at referral for PAS ultrasound evaluation (28%) and code assigned based on antenatal imaging alone (27%). Conclusion: The sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value of ICD-10 codes for PAS were overall high, but the positive predictive value was moderate. These findings suggest that ICD-10 codes may be useful for research and surveillance of PAS, but opportunities may exist to improve accuracy.

Objective: Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) is a particularly severe pathological condition that arises when blood is restored to an injured area after cerebral ischemia. Neuronal cell death stands out as the most severe detrimental outcome of CIRI. Therefore, it is critical to explore neuroprotective strategies following CIRI. This study aimed to assess the potential neuroprotective effects of D-allose in the context of CIRI by targeting the Gal-3/NLRP3 pathway and reducing neuronal cell death. Methods: In this study, we employed a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model that included pretreatment with D-allose. Assessment of MCAO injury included behavioral analysis, neurological function scoring, and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Apoptosis following CIRI and D-allose treatment was determined using TUNEL. Furthermore, we examined the expression of pyroptosis related molecules and Gal-3 using q-PCR, Western Blotting, and immunofluorescence staining. Results: Behavioral analysis, neurological function scoring and TTC staining, revealed that pretreatment with D-allose alleviated MCAO-induced brain injury. Additionally, D-allose treatment was associated with reduced expression of pyroptosis-related molecules and Gal-3 following CIRI. In the MCAO+AAV-shGal-3 group, wherein Gal-3 expression was down-regulated, the expression of pyroptosis-related molecules was lower compared to the MCAO+NC group. However, D-allose treatment did not further enhance this reduction. Conclusions: These findings strongly indicate that D-allose might play a neuroprotective role in CIRI by downregulating Gal-3 expression, thereby inhibiting activation of the pyroptosis pathway.

Background: Maxillofacial osteosarcoma (MOS) is a rare disease, mostly located to the mandible or maxilla. Surgical resection with wide free margins represents the key intervention to achieve favorable prognosis. MOS are particularly demanding to resect and surgically reconstruct because of the numerous tissue types and functions included in this location. Case reports: We introduce two patients with a highly malignant maxillary OS treated by primary tumor resection and immediate reconstruction with a microvascular soft tissue flap. After confirmation of relapse-free tissue healing and sufficiently free resection margins, osseous reconstruction was performed in a second operation by use of a virtually planned microvascular Fibula Flap. Both patients received implant-supported dental rehabilitation and show relapse-free for seven and three years, respectively. Conclusions: Combination of radical tumor resection, primary soft tissue reconstruction and secondary bone reconstruction allows high oncologic safety and optimal conditions for a thoroughly planned osseous as well as dental rehabilitation.

KEY CLINICAL MESSAGE:Previous studies showed that DNAJB9 is protective against metastatic TNBC. Our patient had complete pathologic response of nonmetastatic TNBC after 3 cycles of chemotherapy but developed DNAJB9-related fibrillary glomerulonephritis. Was DNAJB9 pivotal for this remarkable TNBC response, and if so, could it be a potential biomarker or target looking forward?

It has been described in mice models that Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF) with JAK2-V617F mutation has an increased expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in megakaryocytes leading to cancer immune evasion by inhibiting the T-lymphocytes. To prove this hypothesis, we quantified PD-L1 expression on 29 bone marrow (BM) biopsies. We created a scoring system to quantify PD-L1 expression in megakaryocytes. We obtained 14 BM with JAK2 positive PMF, 5 JAK2 negative PMF and 10 patients with normal BM biopsies. PD-L1 expression was higher in the JAK2 positive group compared to the control group with a score of 212.6 vs 121.1 (t-value 2.05,p-value 0.025). In addition, the score was higher in the PMF group regardless of JAK2 mutational status when compared to the control group with score of 205.9 vs 121.1(t-value 2.12,p-value 0.021). There was no difference in the PD-L1 score between the JAK2 negative vs the control group 187.2 vs 121.1 (t-value 1.02,p-value 0.162). These findings suggest that PMF patients with a JAK2 mutation have a higher PD-L1 expression in megakaryocytes compared to the control group. We postulate that the combination of checkpoint and JAK2 inhibitors may be an active treatment option in JAK2 mutated PMF given the higher PD-L1 expression.

Monitoring and controlling of sialic acid contents in glycoproteins such as erythropoietin (EPO), interferon-γ, Orencia, Enbrel and others are critical to achieve desired therapeutic benefits. The pharmacokinetics (PK) profile of asialoglycoprotein is known to impact protein clearance with its uptake by hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPR) and subsequent physiological clearance. The ASGPR recognizes and binds to glycoproteins with exposed terminal galactose or N-acetyl galactosamine residues to undergo receptor mediated endocytosis. Recent studies have demonstrated that sialylation of O-linked-glycan plays a role in protecting against macrophage galactose lectin (MGL) mediated clearance. In addition to the impact on serum half-life, sialylation can influence other clinical performances including immunogenicity, potency, and cytotoxicity. Therefore, the level of sialic acid is a critical quality attribute (CQA) and has become a regulatory requirement to monitor and regulate sialylation to ensure desired clinical performance. To achieve consistent levels of sialic acid in certain therapeutics, the harvest decision as well as the ionic strength of downstream process buffer composition is dependent upon the sialic acid content. Therefore, utilization of Process Analytical Technology (PAT) tools for generating real-time or near-real-time sialic acid content is a business-critical requirement. The work presented here demonstrating the utility of an integrated system consisting of a micro-sequential Injection Analyzer (µSIA) interfaced with SegFlow and a UPLC to enable near-real-time online sialic acid measurements. The fully automated architecture exemplifies the execution of online sampling, automatic sample preparation and subsequent online UPLC analysis. Carefully orchestrated such framework is in alignment with the requirements of PAT to support QbD-driven continuous bioprocessing.

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is a life-threatening condition caused by the rapid destruction of malignant cells, leading to imbalances in electrolytes and posing risks such as acute kidney injury, arrhythmia, and seizures. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the incidence of TLS in a cohort of 94 patients with advanced-stage aggressive B-cell malignancies treated with fractionated rituximab, along with usual TLS preemptive measures such as hyperhydration and urate-lowering treatments. The study found that TLS occurred in seven patients, with one case classified as clinical TLS (cTLS) and six as laboratory TLS (lTLS). The incidence of TLS was higher in patients with Burkitt lymphoma compared to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. TLS occurrence did not significantly influence survival outcomes in this cohort. Comparison with other datasets showed similar TLS rates in patients with high-grade B-cell lymphoma. These findings contribute to the understanding of TLS in B-cell malignancies, highlighting the potential of fractionated rituximab as a debulking approach to manage TLS risk that warrants further investigation in prospective trials.

Purpose In order to evaluate the effect of The Public Hospital Reform Policy (PHRP) implemented by Jilin Province in 2017 on improving the operational efficiency of public grade III level A hospitals (3A hospitals) and analyse the items in the policy that play a significant role in improving the efficiency of 3A hospitals, this research analyses whether the PHRP implemented can achieve the expected effect and help 3A hospitals improve their operations. Materials and methods The data comes from the annual health financial summary system of the Health Commission of Jilin Province.The Data envelopment analysis (DEA) was used to analyse the operational efficiency of 3A hospitals. The Malmquist index was used to support DEA findings. Tobit regression was used to analyse the impact of various reform projects in the PHRP on the operational efficiency of 3A hospitals. Results The PHRP has played a positive role in the operational efficiency of 3A hospitals. After the implementation of the PHRP, the average size efficiency score increased to 0.934, the average technical efficiency score increased by 0.063 and the average overall efficiency score improved by 0.086 of the twenty-two 3A hospitals. However, the effect is limited. Controlling the proportion of drug revenues in 3A hospitals is significantly helpful to the improvement of their operational efficiency, but the rise of patients’ treatment expenses has not been effectively controlled. Conclusions PHRP has had a positive effect on controlling drug revenues in 3A hospitals and the next step in the policy should be to find ways to reduce treatment costs to further improve efficiency in 3A hospitals.

Objective: Perceiving overtreatment risk and seeking medical services through guanxi are prevalent and closely related in China, but research has failed to explore the combination of the two. This study analyses the interaction rule and response patterns between perceiving overtreatment risk and guanxi among public hospital inpatients in China. Methods: Fifteen inpatients from different clinical departments were recruited for semi-structured interviews at a public county hospital in Province A in China from July to October 2021. Qualitative research methods were used to collate and analyze the data. Results: According to the data analysis, four themes emerged: (1) reasons for reasons for seeking medical services through guanxi, (2) classification of perception of overtreatment risk, (3) the interaction between guanxi and perception of overtreatment risk, and (4) suggested solutions. Guanxi is becoming a collective unconscious act for patients. Age, income, literacy and health insurance policies affect patients’ perceptions of overtreatment risk. In health care, guanxi and perceiving overtreatment risk interact with each other as causes and effects. Conclusion: This study analyzes the dialectical relationship between medical risk perception and relationship with doctors, aiming to provide a new paradigm for the study of doctor-patient relationship, to improve the quality of patient-centered healthcare services, and to provide a framework and ideas for health policy makers and managers to improve the design of doctor-patient relationship management system. Moreover, the lack of intervention by health managers between patients’ medical risk perception and relationship to medical care is not conducive to the establishment of a harmonious doctor-patient relationship and a good medical environment in the long run. Therefore, health administrators should do a good job of publicizing science, calling on patients to correctly view the relationship between patients and doctors, and strengthening the joint decision-making and trust between doctors and patients.

Background: In recent years, the scale of Chinese hospitals and the resources they occupy are in a situation of rapid expansion. Whether these resources are conducive to improving the quality of medical care remains to be studied. Methods: The DEA model and the panel regression model were used to analyze the slack resources status and to study the relationship between slack resources and the quality of medical care. Results: First, from 2015 to 2018, slack resources was on the rise in 23 hospitals, with a significant reduction in 2019. Second, low-risk mortality decreased from .014% to .003% when slack resources increased from 0 to about .225. However, the low-risk mortality rate increased to .086% when slack resources increased to about .577. Conclusions: There is an inverted U-shaped curve relationship between slack resources and the quality of medical care in public hospitals in China. A small number of slack resources in the hospital is conducive to the improvement of the quality of medical care, but when it increases to a certain amount, it will be detrimental to the quality of medical care.

Title: Thyroid lesion with thrombus in great veins points towards particular pathology-A case report and review in literature

Day respiration ( R d) is the metabolic, non-photorespiratory process by which illuminated leaves liberate CO 2 during photosynthesis. R d is used routinely in photosynthetic models and is thus critical for calculations. However, metabolic details associated with R d are poorly known, and this can be problematic to predict how R d changes with environmental conditions and relates to night respiration. It is often assumed that day respiratory CO 2 release just reflects ‘ordinary’ catabolism (glycolysis and Krebs ‘cycle’). Here, we carried out a pulse-chase experiment, whereby a 13CO 2 pulse in the light was followed by a chase period in darkness and then in the light. We took advantage of non-targeted, isotope-assisted metabolomics to determine non-‘ordinary’ metabolism, detect carbon remobilisation, and compare light and dark 13C utilisation. We found that several concurrent metabolic pathways (‘ordinary’ catabolism, oxidative pentose phosphates pathway, amino acid production, nucleotide biosynthesis, and secondary metabolism) took place in the light and participate in net CO 2 efflux associated with day respiration. Flux reconstruction from metabolomics leads to an underestimation of R d, further suggesting the contribution of a variety of CO 2-evolving processes. Also, the cornerstone of the Krebs ‘cycle’, citrate, is synthetised de novo from photosynthates mostly in darkness, and remobilised or synthesised from stored material in the light. Collectively, our data provides direct evidence that leaf day respiration ( i) involves several CO 2-producing reactions and ( ii) is fed by different carbon sources, including stored carbon disconnected from current photosynthates.

The study aims to find the optimal fin length distribution for improved heat transfer during melting and solidification in a tubular PCM heat exchanger designed for heat storage. Three types of horizontal PCM tabular heat exchangers, all with five longitudinal fins, were studied numerically. While maintaining a constant heat transfer area, each model depicts a unique fin length distribution design. The first model, which serves as the reference design, has a homogeneous fin length distribution and each fin is 30 mm long. The second model has shorter upper and side fins and longer lower fins (20 mm for the upper fin, 25 mm for the side fins, and 40 mm for the lower fins). The third model has long lower fins but shorter than that of second model, short side fins and no change in upper fin length with reference design (30 mm for upper fin, 25 mm for side fins and 35 mm for lower fins). The findings indicate that the second model exhibits the best heat transfer performance for the melting process, while the first model is most effective for solidification. Interestingly, the third design emerges as the optimum choice for both melting and solidification processes.

A document by Abdulkadir Atalan. Click on the document to view its contents.

Habitat fragmentation and loss is a known threat to biodiversity. Their combined effect leaves organisms in small isolated patches of habitat, contributing to the current biodiversity crisis. The first response of animals to environmental change is typically behavioural. Beyond the physical elements of the environment, the “social landscape” shapes the spatial distribution of the habitats available to organisms. In this article, we test the hypothesis that social cues and habitat structure alter behaviours in a non-social insect. We tested 86 wild-caught L. sinapis females from landscapes with various habitat structures in outdoor cages reproducing habitats with or without social cues. We demonstrate that the presence of same-sex congeners is a social signal to remain within a suitable patch of habitat. We further show that habitat structure is associated with oviposition success and investment in navigation but not with emigration. Butterflies from small, fragmented habitat patches relied more in routine movement and had lower oviposition success. Like many other insects in Europe, L. sinapis is in decline. Our results suggest that this decline may be exacerbated in degraded habitats due to behavioural strategies selected by both physical and social landscape elements.

This article investigates a sensorless indirect rotor flux orientation control (IRFOC) for induction motors based on stator resistance and slip angular speed deviation. An estimation method of rotor flux and speed based only on stator three-phase current and voltage measurements is proposed. An adaptive approximation method of voltage model and current model with stator voltage compensation method is considered to estimate the rotor flux and to accurately locate the flux angle in the case of stator resistance deviation. In addition, the stator current deviation due to the slip angle speed deviation is taken into account in the speed estimation, and the rotor speed indirect estimator (RSIE) is designed, which can adjust the slip angle speed in real time according to the changes of current and flux to reduce the dependence on the accurate model and parameters. Alternatively, Simulink simulation is utilized to verify the practicality and reliability of the proposed induction motor rotor flux and speed estimator method.

Background: There are few randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in paediatric surgery, and the risk of bias of these studies is unknown. There is also little known about the methodological or reporting quality of systematic reviews and meta-analyses in paediatric surgery. We aimed to determine the risk of bias and reporting quality of recent RCTs, systematic reviews and meta-analyses in paediatric surgery, and the associations with study characteristics. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, JBI EBP Database, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, Web of Science and high-impact journals for all RCTs, systematic reviews and meta-analyses in paediatric surgery published in 2021. We assessed the risk of bias and reporting quality of RCTs using the RoB 2 and CONSORT tools, respectively. We assessed the same parameters for systematic reviews and meta-analyses using the ROBIS and PRISMA tools. Findings: We identified 82 RCTs and 289 systematic reviews or meta-analyses in paediatric surgery published in 2021. More than half (n=46, 56%) of RCTs and almost all (n=278, 96%) systematic reviews and meta-analyses were at high risk of bias. Only one (1%) RCT and 4 (1%) systematic reviews and meta-analyses were adequately reported. We found that lower risk of bias and higher reporting quality in RCTs, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses were associated with the presence of a published protocol. For systematic reviews and meta-analyses, a higher PRISMA score was associated with being a Cochrane review. Surprisingly, we found that more than half of systematic reviews and meta-analyses (n=162, 56.1%) had no risk of bias assessments. Conclusions: Recently published RCTs, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses in paediatric surgery are at high risk of bias and have poor reporting quality. We suggest strategies for how trialists, systematic reviewers and other stakeholders across the research lifecycle can design, conduct and report higher quality research in paediatric surgery.

Pollinator-mediated competition and facilitation are key to maintaining plant communities by allowing rare and abundant species to coexist. To understand the dynamics of these processes, we evaluated the effect of dense dependence on visitation rates and pollen tubes in hummingbird-pollinated plants. Furthermore, we calculate the functional similarity and contribution of rare and abundant plants in competition and facilitation. We identified negative dense-dependence on the visitation rate, but with no effect on pollen tubes. Functional similarity between rare and abundant plants did not vary in different contexts of facilitation and competition, with greater functional contribution by rare ones. Our results indicate the relevance of conspecific abundance as a predictor to infer interactions and patterns of functional diversity. The maintenance of both more similar and more extreme traits from rare species may be another way to guarantee their advantage in high heterospecific density.

Empyema caused by Streptococcus constellatus: a case reportSi Lei, Xu Yan, Zhuo Hui,Ye Yun, Luo Yingquan（Department of General Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China）Corresponding author: Luo Yingquan. E-mail: luoyingquan@csu.edu.cn. Department of General Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China. Ye Yun, E-mail:

-Background: Complications associated with central venous catheters, such as right atrial thrombosis, are a common but poorly recognized complication. Therefore, it is important to describe the follow-up and the various forms of treatment along with the responses associated with it; Because if the approach is delayed, this leads to a higher rate of complications and morbidity and mortality. -Case presentation: This case series presented three patients with catheter-related thrombosis. The first patient was a 55-year-old man who presented with short bowel syndrome requiring the placement of parenteral nutrition through a central venous catheter, which was complicated by thrombosis; During the approach he remained stable, so he was managed with anticoagulation with an adequate response. The second case was a 56-year-old woman who presented with chronic kidney disease and started renal replacement therapy with hemodialysis, but it progressed poorly with the formation of a thrombus in the Mahurkar catheter, which caused obstruction of the tricuspid valve, so it was managed with surgical thrombectomy with a favorable development.The third patient was a 31-year-old man with chronic kidney disease and renal replacement treatment with hemodialysis that was complicated by the generation of a thrombus in the Mahurkar catheter, who was hemodynamically stable, so he was treated only with anticoagulation with favorable resolution. -Conclusions: Although there is no standardized treatment in these patients, the approach and management must be based on the experience of the medical center in addition to the characteristics related to the patient and the thrombus, associated with the patient’s hemodynamic status. Therefore, it is important to highlight in our series the use of various treatments which were adapted to the characteristics of the cases that finally led to an adequate clinical evolution.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Platycodon grandiflorum is a traditional Chinese herbal medi-cine, which can disperse lung, promote pharynx, dispel phlegm and expel pus. Its processing history was first seen in the “Zhou Hou Bei Ji Fang“ of the Jin Dynasty in China. Through pro-cessing, effective substances in plants can be enriched and negative substances can be reduced. Therefore, this study explored the effects of different processing methods on the antitussive and expectorant effects of Platycodon grandiflorum through metabolomics and pharmacology, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for clinical application. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: The changes of metabolites before and after processing of Platycodon grandiflorum were analyzed by Nexera UHPLC LC-30A-HILIC-Orbitrap-Q Exactive HF-X platform. The antitussive and expectorant effects of processed Platycodon grandiflorum were verified by mouse concentrated ammonia induced cough method and tracheal phenol red drainage method. KEY RESULTS: After processing, some metabolites of Platycodon grandiflorum changed, among which 24 kinds of terpenoid metabolites changed significantly. Through the experiment of am-monia-induced cough in mice and phenol red expectorant experiment, it was found that fresh JZI 40 %, fresh CZ 80 %, dry JZZ 40 % and dry JZI 80 % had obvious antitussive effect, and dry JZZ 40 % had obvious expectorant effect. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Some processing methods can indeed further improve the antitussive and expectorant effects of Platycodon grandiflorum, which may be due to the ef-fect of increasing the content of triterpenoids after processing, but the mechanism of processing to improve the effect of relieving cough and expectorant needs further study.