Background: The susceptibility of children with Down syndrome to acute myeloid leukemia especially acute megakaryocytic leukemia (AMKL) is much higher than that of general population. The origination of ML-DS (Myeloid leukemia associated with Down syndrome) cells, the occurrence, development and tumor heterogeneity of ML-DS are still [ambiguous](javascript:;). For children with DS, the incidence of non-AMKL ML-DS is relatively rare, and there is little research on the pathogenesis of this type of leukemia. Methods: Our study for the first time using single-cell RNA sequencing (Sc-RNA seq) technology to analyze the transcriptome of peripheral blood tumor cells from patients with non-AMKL type ML-DS. Transcriptome analysis of 2202 peripheral blood cells from one patient with non-AMKL ML-DS were conducted, and the genetic characteristics of leukemia cells were examined in detail. Results: We reveal that LMO4, CPA3, RAD21, POU2F2, KIT, and ANXA1 were highly expressed in cluster 0, which exhibited heightened stem cell characteristics. During the differentiation of various tumor cell clusters, the expression levels of CPA3, FCER1A, HPGD, HPGDS, LAPTM5, and LMO4 exhibited significant difference during the differentiation of different tumor cell clusters. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis shows that aml-0 subsets are significantly enriched in microRNAs in cancer pathway, which play a key role as post transcriptional regulators in leukemogenesis. Conclusion: Above all, the differential gene expression characteristics of different tumor cell subpopulations of interest were analyzed at the single cell level to the heterogeneity of tumor cells and the different characteristics of subpopulations, and to discover potential cell stem gene markers.

Aim We assessed the projected changes in climatically suitable areas for South Asian bats from current conditions (1970-2000) to the near future (2041-2060) in response to climate change scenarios, identifying hotspots of climatic suitability, and measuring the direction and zero-cost distance between climatically suitable areas in the present and the near future. Location South Asia Time period Present day and near future (2050) Major taxa studied South Asian bats Methods We used ensemble ecological niche modelling for 110 selected South Asian bat species with four algorithms (random forests, artificial neural networks, multivariate adaptive regression splines, and maximum entropy) to define climatically suitable areas under current conditions (1970–2000). We then predicted future (2041–2060) climatically suitable areas under four projected scenarios (combining two global climate models and two shared socioeconomic pathways, SSP2: middle-of-the-road and SSP5: fossil-fuelled development). Results Predicted future changes in climatic suitable areas varied across species but the majority were predicted to retain most of the current area or have small losses. When shifts occurred due to projected climate change, new areas were generally at higher latitudes (northward shift). Climatically suitable hotspots (suitable for >30% of species) were generally predicted to become smaller and more fragmented. Main conclusions Overall, climate change in the near future may not lead to dramatic shifts in the distribution of bat species in South Asia, but local hotspots of biodiversity may be lost. Our results offer insight into climate change effects in less studied areas and can inform conservation planning, motivating reappraisals of conservation priorities and strategies for bats in South Asia.

Ectopic duodenal mucosa with adenomatous hyperplasia in the stomach: a case reportXiaowei Cai1, Lin Li1, Yanxia Yang2, Kang Lu1, Peng Wang1*1The 985th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force;2The 986th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force;*Corresponding Author: Peng Wang, Master Degree of Pathology, Department of Pathology, the 985th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force, Qiaodong Road No.30, Taiyuan 030001, China. Email:459236789@qq.com.[Abstract]  Introduction: Space-occupying lesions in the stomach are common diseases in gastroenterology. The diagnosis often needs the support of pathological results, and the prognosis of different masses is very different. Patient concerns: A 49-year-old man presented with abdominal distension and loss of appetite for one month as the main symptoms. Gastroscopy revealed a space occupying lesion in the pylorus of the antrum. Interventions:The mass was removed by gastroscopy resection with high-frequency electrocautery. Diagnosis: After electroresection, pathological and immunohistochemical examination showed that it was “ectopic duodenal mucosa with adenomatous hyperplasia in the stomach”. This disease has not been reported. Outcomes: After short-term follow-up and endoscopic review of this patient, we concluded that this disease is an extremely rare gastric tumor with benign growth and good prognosis. Conclusion: This case helps us to recognize the pathology and treatment of this disease, which is helpful for the differential diagnosis of other gastric space-occupying diseases.Keywords: ectopic duodenal mucosa, adenomatous hyperplasia,stomach,tumor

Fusion of a maxillary third molar with a supernumerary fourth molar: a case reportCase ImageA 20-year-old Caucasian male consulted the Department of Dentoalveolar Surgery, School of Dentistry in February 2023 due to intermittent pain in the left side of maxilla and face. Intraoral examination revealed probing pocket depth distally to left maxillary second molar 7mm and bleeding on probing. No health problem arises from medical history. Panoramic radiograph revealed impacted mandibular third molar, mesially angulated, with medium impaction depth, abnormal shape and size in close proximity with maxillary sinus floor (Figure 1).Preoperatively 2gr of Amoxicillin were prescribed. Surgical extraction took place under local anesthesia. Infiltration anesthesia with Lidocaine 2% with 1:80000 epinephrine. A full thickness mucoperiosteal flap was prepared and raised, and then ostectomy was performed using surgical handpiece and sterile saline irrigation. Tooth extraction was performed using straight and Warwick-James elevators. Valsalva maneuver was negative. Extraction socket was flushed with saline and flap was repositioned and sutured. Niflumic acid 250mg was prescribed for 3-5 days. Ex vivo examination of the tooth confirmed “double” tooth diagnosis. In order to obtain as much information as possible regarding dental anatomy, photos of all aspects of the tooth were taken and ex vivo CBCT of the tooth was carried out (Figure 2, Figure 3). Additionally, tooth was submerged in epoxy resin. After setting, three sections of the tooth were cut with a low-speed precision sectioning machine (Isomet 11-1180 Buehler, Lake Bluff, IL, USA) with water cooling. The cut surface of each tooth specimen was ground on a polishing machine (Jean Wirtz TG 250, Dusseldorf, Germany) with 200 rpm under water cooling (50 mL/min) using gradually 600-, 800-, and 1000-grit silicon carbide abrasive papers (Apex S system, Buehler, Lake Bluff, IL, USA) for 20s each. Final tooth sections were <1mm. Tooth specimen was placed between two liner polarization filters. Afterwards flash (Speedlight SB-700, Nikon, Japan) with softbox (Godox, China) was held from one side and DSLR camera (D7200, Nikon, Japan) with macro lens (Micro Nikkor 105mm, Nikon, Japan) from the other side. Filters were crossed in different directions until intended result was obtained (Figure 4, 5, 6). Sutures were removed after one week, healing was unproblematic. Oral examination after six months revealed complete healing of soft tissues.Differential diagnosis between different subcategories of “double” tooth is difficult. The supposition that gemination displays a single root canal and fusion displays several root canals is controversial. Fusion of a normal tooth with supernumeraries will still result in a normal tooth count. Given the presence of features suggestive of both diagnoses, this case, actually, presented a diagnostic dilemma.Fusion of two impacted teeth apparently results in a larger dental structure that makes extraction more invasive and inevitably raises the possibility of complications. Close proximity of maxillary third molar with maxillary sinus floor has to be appreciated. Fracture of maxillary tuberosity may occur in cases with extensive ostectomy.Alterations in tooth size and shape during initial radiographic examination may be a primary sign of dental abnormalities. Utilizing contemporary imaging techniques, including CBCT and dental photography, may showcase such special dental anatomies and complement dentists’ education in this field. Dentists’ awareness will result in a meticulous treatment planning and ensure a successful outcome.Figure legendsFigure 1: Initial panoramic radiograph. White arrow shows impacted third molar with small changes in size and shapeFigure 2: Images of the extracted “double” tooth from different aspectsFigure 3: Images exported from ex vivo CBCT of extracted “double tooth”. Shared pulp canal system is noticed.Figure 4: Image of the first tooth section, using polarization filters, DSLR, macro lens and flashFigure 5: Image of the second tooth section, using polarization filters, DSLR, macro lens and flashFigure 6: Image of the third tooth section, using polarization filters, DSLR, macro lens and flash

Regression of kaposiform lymphangiomatosis and chronic disseminated intravascular coagulation after inhaled budesonide-formoterol treatmentMasaru Imamura1, Chansu Shin1, Akihiko Saitoh1, Michio Ozeki 2, Kentaro Matsuoka3 Chihaya Imai11Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan2Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan3Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Children’s Medical Center, Tokyo, JapanCorresponding author: Masaru Imamura, Department of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuou-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.Phone +81-25-227-2222FAX +81-25-227-0778Email: mimamura@med.niigata-u.ac.jpWord Count for Main Text: 701 wordsNumber of Tables: 0Number of Figures: 2Running title: KLA IMPROVED AFTER INHALED STEROIDKeywords: kaposiform lymphangiomatosis, lymphatic malformation, inhaled corticosteroid, rare disease, progressive diseaseAbbreviations:

In celebrating its first decade of existence, a Chilean research center organized an open forum on climate and socio-environmental resilience engaging participants -both speakers and audience- from within and outside the academic community. Held the first week of September 2023, the symposum filled a void of events addressing climate and resilience research and its bi-directional links with society.

Background and Purpose Quetiapine is a second-generation atypical antipsychotic drug that has been commonly prescribed for the treatment of schizophrenia, major depressive disorder (depression), and other psychological disorders. Targeted inhibition of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide gated (HCN) channels, which generate Ih, may provide effective resistance against schizophrenia and depression. We investigated if HCN channels could contribute to the therapeutic effect of quetiapine, and its major active metabolite norquetiapine. Experimental Approach Two-electrode voltage clamp recordings were used to assess the effects of quetiapine and norquetiapine on currents from wild-type and mutant HCN1 and HCN2 expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Key Results Norquetiapine, but not quetiapine nor 7-hydroxy quetiapine, has an inhibitory effect on HCN1 channels. Norquetiapine selectively inhibited HCN1 currents by shifting the voltage-dependence of activation to more hyperpolarized potentials in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 of 13.9 ± 0.8 μM for HCN1 and slowing channel opening, without changing the kinetics of closing. Inhibition by norquetiapine primarily occurs from in the closed state. Norquetiapine inhibition is not sensitive to the external potassium concentration, and therefore, likely does not block the pore. Norquetiapine inhibition also does not dependent on the cyclic-nucleotide binding domain. Norquetiapine had no effect on HCN2 channels. Conclusions and Implications HCN channels are key targets of norquetiapine, the primary active metabolite of quetiapine. These data help to explain the therapeutic mechanisms by which quetiapine aids in the treatment of anxiety, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia, and may represent a novel structure for future drug design of HCN inhibitors.

Background and purpose: The impact of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on drug disposition is a critical concern, yet whether this impact is circadian time-dependent remains unexplored. We aim to discern the temporal effects of colitis on drug disposition and toxicity. Experimental Approach: The RNA-sequencing was used to screen colitis-affecting genes. The liver microsomal incubation and the pharmacokinetic study were used to analyze the enzymatic activity of key enzymes. Dual luciferase assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) were employed to elucidate regulatory relationships among molecules. Key Results: CYP1A2 and CYP2E1, pivotal in theophylline metabolism, exhibit reduced hepatic expression at Zeitgeber time (ZT)8 in colitis mice, a difference diminishing by ZT20. Moreover, theophylline metabolism is suppressed, and hepato-cardiac toxicities are markedly elevated in colitis mice at ZT8, while remaining unchanged at ZT20. The circadian clock component BMAL1 positively regulates CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 in the liver of colitis mice. A combination of assays, integrating liver-specific Bmal1 knockout mice and targeted activation of BMAL1 have unveiled that the dysregulation observed in Cyp1a2 and Cyp2e1 during colitis can be attributed to the perturbation in BMAL1 functionality in the liver. Luciferase reporter and ChIP assays collectively substantiate the role of BMAL1 in the modulation of Cyp1a2 and Cyp2e1 transcription through its binding affinity to E-box-like sites. Conclusion and implication: Our findings establish a strong link between IBD and chronopharmacology, shedding light on how IBD affects drug disposition and toxicity over time. Our research establishes a theoretical foundation for chronopharmacological approaches In the treatment of IBD.

Convective weather systems represent highly non-linear, rapidly evolving systems involving small-scale processes and fine-scaled features that are challenging to simulate in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. Here, we present the results of 30-minute precipitation forecasts generated from an experimental real-time NWP modeling system that updates simulations every 30-seconds with observations from a multi-parameter phased array weather radar (MP-PAWR). The forecasts are compared to nowcasts from a spatiotemporal extrapolation-based precipitation nowcasting system that uses MP-PAWR observations with a 30-second update interval to provide 30-minute forecasts. The NWP model successfully predicts rapid changes in the storm’s structure and intensity, resulting in it outperforming the nowcasts at up to 30-minute lead times, demonstrating the advantage of the NWP system over the nowcasting system for very-short range rain forecasts. The 30-second updating was demonstrated to improve rain forecasts by promoting convective growth through increasing moistening and upward motion in the storm environment.

A unique new species, Oreocharis scutifolia Z. Xie, Miao Zhang & H. H. Kong, endemic to the Dry and Hot Valley of Jinsha River Basin, Yunnan, China, is described and illustrated here. It is similar to O. cordatula (Craib) Pellegr. and O. aurantiaca Baill. in some morphological characters, but differs in its unique peltate, ovate to oblong leaf blades with emarginated apex, places and types of indumentum, length of peduncles and corolla, also have significant differences in these species. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on transcriptome data strongly supported O. scutifolia as a new species, while it forms a sister group with O. henryana Oliv., O. cordatula (Craib) Pellegr., O. minor Pellegr. and O. aurantiaca Baill. (ML = 100). Due to its tiny population, narrow distribution range, and the serious threat from human activities, invasive plants and damaged habitat, the new species is assessed as “critically endangered” following the IUCN categories and criteria.

This paper proposes a 256-bit speed-area-efficient hardware elliptic curve point-multiplication engine (ECPM-engine) in GF(p) over generic Weierstrass curves, which is optimized by a new speed-area-efficient radix-64 Montgomery modular multiplication (R64MMM) and a novel Montgomery ladder scheduling. The R64MMM calls one 129-bit adder and one (64x64+129)-bit multiply-accumulator (64-129-MAC) in parallel to make a trade-off between speed and area. The novel Montgomery ladder scheduling is used to improve the utilization of MAC in ECPM operation. In this ECPM-engine, both MAC utilization in R64MMM operations and R64MMM utilization in ECPM operations are close to 100%. The result shows that the proposed ECPM-engine consumes 72k gates when the clock frequency is 714 MHz with a 90 nm standard cell library, and it computes one 256-bit ECPM in 0.14 ms.

Many subcomponents of human language can be found within the vocal communication systems of other species, most notably songbirds. One of the most prominent of these subcomponents is syntax. While studies of syntax are abundant, a lack of consensus on the definition of syntax has led to much debate. The goal of this review paper is to solidify the definitions of syntax and to explore the mechanisms that shape syntax formation in songbirds and other species, with a specific focus on neurobiology, genetics, dopamine, and chunking organization.

Background: . The present study was conducted in order to identify the psychological motivators of bystanders to help in traffic accidents. Methods: This qualitative study is part of a larger study, a doctoral dissertation of nursing, with the approach of conventional content analysis in Iran in 2022. Data collection was done through semi-structured interviews with 15 male and female participants. The purposeful and theoretical sampling method, and the qualitative content analysis approach, constant comparison recommended by Corbin and Strauss 2015, were used to code the data, and determine subcategories and categories. MAXQDA 2020 software was used to assist in data analysis. Results: Six concepts of feeling of responsibility, spiritual beliefs, feeling of pity, Self-sacrificing, prevention of guilty conscience, the feeling of becoming a hero were identified as the subcategory of psychological motivators and the most important psychological motivators in the bystanders. Conclusion: bystanders will not help until they feel responsible. A feeling of responsibility can cause bystanders to Self-sacrificing help to prevention of guilty conscience. Having spiritual beliefs, feeling of responsibility and sense of heroism can increase the feeling of responsibility and motivation of bystanders to help.

A document by Sheetal Kalra. Click on the document to view its contents.

In this work, we demonstrate a chiral dual-core strategy for the design of high-performance organic circularly polarized aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens), which features of connecting two thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) luminophore with chiral linkage that allows efficient through-space coupling (TSC) to occur. Using this strategy, a pair of dual-core enantiomers, R/S-DNKP, were designed and synthesized by linking two benzophenone derivatives with a 1,1’-bi-2-naphthol unit. Compared to the mono-core counterpart NKP, the dual-core emitters exhibited a much higher photoluminescence quantum yields of 94%. Moreover, benefited from their chiral helical folding configurations, the R/S-DNKP enantiomers exhibited a high luminescence dissymmetry factor (|glum|) value up to 1.3×10-3 in film states. Notably, the electroluminescence devices based on the R/S-DNKP enantiomers achieved external quantum efficiency values of 21.5% and 19.7% with little roll-off. It is believed that this molecular design strategy will pave new routes for the development of high-performance chiral emitters for future organic photonic devices.

A 1D multifluid population balance model approach is presented as a compromise between computational effort and accuracy. The approach is used to test process scenarios, perform sensitivity analysis, and provide a reliable scale-up and optimization tool. The study focuses on a mini-plant batch bubble column, where the scale-up behavior in terms of bubble column height, gas flux, and composition of the liquid phase is investigated. Although simplifications were made, the model requires calibration to experimental data using different calibration methods. An optimal calibration procedure is found that minimizes experimental effort while maximizing scalability. The model was tested on various liquid-phase compositions, and it was found to reproduce experimental data accurately. However, the model cannot reproduce flow regime changes and does not perform well outside the calibrated concentration. The study shows that the applied 1D multifluid populations balance approach is a valuable and reliable tool in multiphase reactor scale-up and optimization.

A document by Ahmed Aql. Click on the document to view its contents.

Cutting off single-phase ground faults in distribution networks within the required time frame has always posed a challenging problem when selecting low-current grounding lines. With advancing communication technology, optical fiber and 5G costs continue to decrease, allowing for more convenient and quicker data transmission. As a result, various methods can be employed using signal waveforms to achieve distribution network differential protection.In this paper, we propose a new adaptive differential protection scheme that employs improved feature mode decomposition through the whale optimization algorithm to decompose zero-sequence current waveforms collected at both ends of the line. Based on the fundamental principle of current differential protection, we conduct similarity analysis using the most critical fault characteristic component. This approach effectively resolves the issue of inadequate grounding current in the distribution network, ensuring the differential protection device meets operational requirements and guarantees safe and stable system operation.Finally, simulation verification using MATLAB software validates the effectiveness of this scheme and verifies its accuracy under different fault conditions.

The incorporation of non-solvent organic additives in the casting solution has emerged as a significant technique in membrane fabrication. This approach enables the manipulation of membrane morphology and facilitates the preparation of high-performance membranes. Our work focusing on investigating the impact of various organic additives on the development of integrally skinned polyetherimide asymmetric nanofiltration membranes, which has not been explored in solvent resistant nanofiltration (SRNF). The additives investigated in this study can be classified into three categories: hydrophilic monomers, hydrophilic polymer and surfactant additives. The effect of these organic additives on PEI membrane performance was evaluated by separating methylene blue (MB, molecular weight 374 Da) from ethanol solution, and membrane morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Human life is seriously threatened by cancer. Long years of study and data collecting have led to a growing body of knowledge about cancer and its treatment. The p53 gene is crucial as a tumor suppressor. With the more in-depth study of the structure and function of p53, the greater relevance of this tumor suppressor gene is understood in the process of suppressing tumor development. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) such microRNAs (miRNAs) that are about 22 nucleotides in length play a crucial role in tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. In the fight against cancer, miR-34 has emerged as a key player. Tumor development, metastasis, and tumor stem cell maintenance may all be stymied by the regulatory network created by p53 and miR-34. This article summarizes recent developments in our understanding of the p53/miR-34 regulation network and its potential utility in the detection and treatment of cancer.

Cancers of the blood stemming from genetic or environmental abnormalities are included in the broad category of blood diseases. Some forms of leukemia may respond better to therapy than others, and there are a number of factors that contribute to the failure of current medications to effectively address blood diseases, including drug resistance. Many different factors, both inherited and acquired, may cause leukemia, which is characterized by the uncontrolled growth of one or more cell lines. Oncogene signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family transcription factor STAT3, in particular, plays a crucial role in the initiation and development of hematological illnesses as a result of mutations, malfunction, or hyperactivity. In addition, research indicates that microRNAs, as biological molecules, may promote or inhibit tumor growth in different types of cancer. Additionally, it has been found that STAT3 has a robust connection to miRNA. For example, miRNAs may control STAT3 by targeting its upstream mediators such as IL6, IL9, and JAKs or directly binding to the STAT3 gene. However, STAT3 has the ability to control miRNAs. The purpose of this review was to identify the function of microRNAs and STAT3 and how they interact with one another in hematological malignancies.

Several studies, made possible by the rapid development of next-generation sequencing technology, have shown that ncRNAs can act as competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) and are involved in a variety of biological processes, including the proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and migration of breast cancer (BC) cells, playing an important role in BC progression as a molecular target for its diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and differentiation of subtypes and age groups of BC patients. This study screened and ranked the sequencing analysis and experimental verification conclusions of BC-related ceRNAs based on the description of ceRNA-related biological functions and found that the ncRNAs mediated ceRNA networks can promote the development of BC by promoting the expression of genes related to BC proliferation, drug resistance, and apoptosis; inducing the production of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to promote metastasis; and activating cancer-related microRNAs. 1. Background Breast cancer (BC) is characterized by a wide range of phenotypes and genetic backgrounds. Surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy are all often used to treat BC; nevertheless, the disease is difficult to cure since it frequently returns, spreads to other parts of the body, and develops resistance to drugs. To better the clinical treatment efficacy, early diagnosis rate, and prognosis of BC patients, it is crucial to identify novel therapeutic targets and diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers [1, 2, 3, 4]. Endogenous non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have garnered a lot of attention due to their regulatory roles in a wide range of biological processes, and their discovery has coincided with the gradual unveiling of complex genetic changes in BC made possible by the rapid development of transcriptomics and the cross-application of bioinformatics and big data science. Their identification has also considerably boosted efforts to identify therapeutic targets unique to BC. The mechanism of action of these recently found molecules in the process of BC remains unknown and is not able to give support for the diagnosis or treatment of BC, despite the fact that tremendous progress has been achieved in the creation of therapeutic methods and medications targeting BC [5]. Therefore, there has been a lot of effort put into trying to figure out how these ncRNAs are regulated both pre-and post-transcriptionally. Studies have demonstrated that ncRNAs, such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circulatory RNAs (circRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are improperly produced in a range of malignancies, including BC [6], and play a significant role in post-transcriptional regulation [7]. In addition, these compounds are associated with BC development, spread, and resistance to treatment [8]. Nonetheless, they have further use as indicators for BC patient prognosis, categorization, and staging [9]. As further research has shown [10],

The tumour-microenvironment (TME) is a complex network of cells and molecules that has a major impact on the development, dissemination, and progression of cancer metastasis. It is made up of stromal cells, tumour cells, cancer-associated blood and lymphatic vessels, pericytes, cancer-associated fibroblasts, cancer-stem cells, and extracellular matrix (ECM). Metastatic breast cancer is one of the most difficult to treat forms of the disease. This calls for a comprehensive comprehension of the metastatic TME and the development of novel nano-drug delivery systems that leverage specific cellular components. Nanoparticles (NPs) that respond to external stimuli provide improved control over where and when cells are targeted. Nano-therapies need to be safe, effective and scalable in manufacturing for translation to clinics. Emerging nano-strategies, in contrast to traditional medicines that promote systemic ablation, selectively control the diverse TME cell populations by, for example, focusing on pericytes and endothelial cells to normalize vascular function. We also describe the gaps in the present nanotherapeutics approaches and highlight innovative views on the design of pre-clinical and clinical trials to alter breast cancer's ability to spread.

A document by Dr. Bilal Wajid . Click on the document to view its contents.