Neural correlates of decisions under risk and under ambiguity have been examined for several decades. In the current study, we focus on a neglected aspect that is a potential confounding of the average risk of alternatives in a trial, the average magnitude of the outcomes, and the difference in risk between the two alternatives. We present an experimental approach to solve this problem here and explicitly separate risk and ambiguity. In the present fMRI-study with 20 participants, we created different levels of risk and ambiguity to investigate their effects on behavior and brain activation. In a first experimental block, decisions with mixed-risk options (one high-risk option paired with one low-risk option) were compared to decisions with two high-risk or two low-risk options in terms of the effects on decision-making and neural activity. The second block consisted of the same risk levels crossed with high and low ambiguity by withholding information about the probabilities of the outcomes. During mixed-risk trials participants made cautious decision significantly more often. This effect was strongest during mixed trials with high ambiguity in the second block. In addition, risk behavior of subjects was correlated with the subjective importance of the amount of potential monetary losses or wins and the related probabilities. The fMRI results revealed activation of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), the insula, and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) during mixed risk trials without ambiguity. In contrast, activation of the amygdala was specifically present during mixed-risk trials with high ambiguity.

The focus of this research is to investigate the relationship between lactate induced by exercise and inhibition, a key element of executive functions. Lactate is vital for neuronal function as both an energy source and a signalling molecule. The increase in lactate production during exercise is linked to heightened brain uptake, potentially impacting cognitive performance. Through a systematic search, 16 relevant studies were identified. Three, employing cognitive tasks akin to ours, suggested a positive correlation between the changes in cognitive performance and peripheral lactate. However, these studies suffered from methodological limitations such as not having proper non-exercise controls, not manipulating exercise intensity, and having limited analytical robustness. The current study aims to address these gaps by analysing the data from a four-arm randomized crossover trial, incorporating three distinct exercise intensities alongside a control group, focusing on the potential role of lactate in modulating inhibition post-exercise.

Dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is commonly observed in different mental disorders, especially when individuals engage in prolonged cognitive-emotional tasks that necessitate an adjustment of the ANS to workload. Although understanding of the temporal dynamics of sympathetic and parasympathetic tones in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is limited, analyzing the ANS reactions on cognitive-emotional workload could provide a valuable insight into the underlying causes of OCD. This study investigated the temporal dynamics of the heart rate (HR) and pupil area (PA) while participants with OCD and healthy volunteers solved antisaccade tasks where affective pictures served as central fixation stimuli. The data of 31 individuals with OCD and 30 healthy volunteers were included in the study. The experiment consisted of three separate blocks, each lasting approximately 8 minutes. The results showed the increase in sympathetic tone in the OCD group. The increase in sympathetic tone of the ANS in OCD at the middle part of the block was most noticeable during presentation of unpleasant stimuli. The healthy volunteers demonstrated adaptive temporal dynamics of the HR and PA from the first block to the last block of tasks, while HR and PA in the OCD group showed less changes in time implying the reduced adaptation of the ANS sympathetic tone to cognitive-emotional workload in OCD.

Adapting to the ever-changing demands of the environment requires a complex interplay between cognitive-affective, neuronal, and autonomic processes. Vagally-mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV) is positively associated with both cognitive-affective functioning and prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity. Accordingly, the Neurovisceral Integration Model has posited a shared role of the PFC in the regulation of cognitive-affective processes and autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. While there are numerous correlational findings in this regard, no study so far has investigated whether the manipulation of PFC activity induces changes in vmHRV and cognitive-affective processing in an inter-dependent manner. In this study, we examined the effects of continuous (cTBS) and intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) over the left dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC) on vmHRV and cognitive-affective processing within an emotional stop-signal task (ESST) in 66 participants. Our results revealed that both resting vmHRV and reactivity, at least partly, predicted cognitive-affective processing. Furthermore, we found a dampening effect of cTBS on resting vmHRV, as well as an enhancing effect of iTBS on ESST performance. Our results show no direct association between vmHRV changes and ESST performance alterations following stimulation. We interpret our results in the light of a hierarchical model of neurovisceral integration, suggesting a dynamical situation-dependent recruitment of higher-order cortical areas like the dlPFC in the regulation of the ANS. In conclusion, our results highlight the complex interplay between PFC activity, autonomic regulation, and cognitive-affective processing, emphasizing the need for further research to understand the causal dynamics of the underlying neural mechanisms.

The study examined human performance and related neural mechanisms in a pop-out search with different probabilities of target location and the relation between the target location and feature. In a search array, we introduced the binding relation between two target features and two kinds of location probability. Moreover, in the second half of the experiment, such a probability pattern for location/feature binding was reversed. Behavioral results revealed successful statistical learning of probability for both absolute target location and target’s location-feature binding indicated by faster RTs in the high-probability conditions for both location and location-feature binding. Moreover, the learning benefit for the probability of location-feature binding acquired during 1st (training) phase was still expressed in the 2nd (reversal) phase despite the actual binding probability was reversed. ERP results suggested that both the attentional selection and response selection process were affected by such learning revealed in the difference in N2pc and LRP amplitudes between the two conditions with different binding probability in the reversal phase. An expectation to the high probability for location-feature binding was also suggested from time-frequency analysis and Multi-Variate Pattern Classification (MVPC) indicated by larger alpha ERD magnitude and lower decoding accuracy, respectively, when the target appeared at the high-binding location in the training phase instead of the reversal phase. Overall, we have demonstrated behavioral evidence and 4 EEG markers for the associative learning of the probability of relation between location and feature of target in a pop-out search.

Affective Touch plays a pivotal role in regulating emotions, fostering social bonds and nurturing affiliations with others. The emotional and arousing dimensions associated to Affective Touch are linked to the activation of the CT- fibres system, an afferent pathway attuned to those specific features of tactile stimulations which characterize gentle human caresses, such as touch velocity and the nature of the stroking source. While previous research has examined the physiological responses in relation to these individual features of Affective Touch, no study has explored how they interact to shape autonomic activity. In this study, we investigated whether and how touch velocity (CT-optimal vs. CT-suboptimal) and the nature of the touching effector (Human hand vs. Artificial hand) influenced the participants’ pupil dilation and their subjective experience during tactile stimulation. We observed a higher pupil dilation when touch was delivered simultaneously at CT-optimal speed and by a human hand. This kind of touch invoked a supralinear enhancement of pupil dilation indicating that the combination of these two features induced a significantly stronger autonomic activation than the summed effects of each delivered separately. Moreover, this specific type of touch was perceived as the most pleasant compared to all other tactile stimulations. Therefore, pupil dilation appears to map the positive and pleasant experience of human-to-human tactile interactions. Collectively, our results support the notion that the autonomic nervous system encodes the emotional and hedonic aspects associated with Affective Touch as a complex and holistic social experience, rather than solely responding to its low-level sensory properties.

Visual symmetry activates a network of regions in the extrastriate cortex and generates an event related potential (ERP) called the sustained posterior negativity (SPN). Previous work has found that the SPN is robust to experimental manipulations of task, spatial attention, and memory load. In the current study, we investigated whether the SPN is also robust to alcohol induced changes in mental state. A pilot experiment (N = 13) found that alcohol unexpectedly increased SPN amplitude. We followed this unexpected result with two new experiments on separate groups, using an alcohol challenge paradigm. One group completed an Oddball discrimination task (N = 26). Another group completed a Regularity discrimination task (N =26). In both groups participants consumed a medium dose of alcohol (0.65 g/kg body weight) and placebo drink, in separate sessions. Alcohol reduced SPN amplitude in the Oddball task (contrary to the pilot results) but had no effect on SPN amplitude in the Regularity task. In contrast, the N1 wave was consistently dampened by alcohol in all experiments. Exploratory analysis indicated that the inconsistent effect of alcohol on SPN amplitude may be partly explained by individual differences in alcohol use. Alcohol reduced the SPN in light drinkers and increased it in heavier drinkers. Despite remaining questions, the results highlight the automaticity of symmetry processing. Symmetry still produces a large SPN response, even when participants are intoxicated, and even when symmetry is not task relevant.

The present study combined behavioral measures and EEG to investigate the impact of emotional valence on both auditory and written word processing. Participants were first presented with a series of auditory words with varying emotional valence (positive, neutral and negative) produced in neutral tone, which they rated according to valence level. Subsequently they performed a surprise recognition task with written stimuli (half being foils). Our results revealed a significant valence/arousal effect on word recognition; written words with high-arousal and either positive or negative valence were recognized with higher accuracy compared to low-arousal neutral ones. EEG analyses revealed an effect of valence only for words presented in written format; no effects were found for auditory words. For written words, both positive and negative valence elicited a larger P2 response in comparison to neutral valence, indicating allocation of attentional resources. Critically, a reduced N400 was observed only for negative words, suggesting facilitated processing of unpleasant information perhaps due to better encoding during the auditory presentation. Overall, our study provides valuable insights into the cognitive mechanisms involved in integrating emotional information presented in distinct modalities, shedding light on the influence of valence on word recognition.

Individuals with hoarding disorder (HD) have difficulty parting with personal possessions, which leads to the accumulation of excessive clutter. According to a proposed biphasic neurobiological model, HD is characterized by blunted central and peripheral nervous system activity at rest and during neutral (non-discarding) decisions, and exaggerated activity during decision-making about discarding personal possessions. Here, we compared the error-related negativity (ERN) and psychophysiological responses (skin conductance, heart rate and heart rate variability, and end tidal CO2) during neutral and discarding-related decisions in 26 individuals with HD, 37 control participants with anxiety disorders, and 28 healthy control participants without psychiatric diagnoses. We also compared alpha asymmetry between the HD and control groups during a baseline resting phase. Participants completed a series of Go/No Go decision-making tasks, one involving choosing certain shapes (neutral task) and the other involving choosing images of newspapers to imaginally “discard” (discarding task). Contrary to hypotheses, there were no group differences in the ERN or any psychophysiological measures. Alpha asymmetry at rest did not differ between groups. The findings suggest that the ERN and psychophysiological responses may not differ in individuals with HD during simulated discarding decisions relative to control participants, although the null results may be explained by methodological challenges in using Go/No Go tasks as discarding tasks. Future replication and extension of these results will be needed using ecologically valid discarding tasks.

Regular exercise is known to positively impact neurocognitive health, particularly in aging individuals. However, low adherence, particularly among older adults, hinders the adoption of exercise routines. While neuroplasticity mechanisms largely support the cognitive benefits of exercise, the link between physiological and behavioral factors influencing exercise adherence remains unclear. This study aimed to explore this association in sedentary middle-aged and older adults. Thirty-one participants underwent an evaluation of neuroplasticity using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to measure changes in motor-evoked potentials following intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS). Health history, cardiorespiratory fitness, and exercise-related behavioral factors were also assessed. The participants engaged in a 2-month supervised aerobic exercise program, attending sessions three times a week for 60 minutes each, totaling 24 sessions at a moderate-to-vigorous intensity. They were divided into Completers (n=19), who attended all sessions, and Dropouts (n=12), who withdrew early. Completers exhibited lower smoking rates, exercise barriers, and resting heart rates compared to Dropouts. For Completers, regression models revealed that post-iTBS changes (β= -7.78, p= .013) and self-efficacy (β= −.51, p= .019) predicted exercise adherence (adjusted-R2= 0.44). Larger post-iTBS increases in motor-evoked potential amplitude indicated greater effectiveness of cortico-motor plasticity and were associated with better exercise adherence. In conclusion, this study highlights the significance of cortico-motor plasticity, self-efficacy, and cardiovascular health in exercise adherence. Given the well-established cognitive benefits of exercise, addressing sedentary behavior and enhancing self-efficacy are crucial for promoting adherence and optimizing brain health. Clinicians and researchers should prioritize assessing these variables to improve the effectiveness of exercise programs.

ADHD and anxiety frequently occur together; however, the cognitive outcomes of co-morbid anxiety and ADHD are not straightforward. A potential explanation for conflicting results in the literature may be that different core ADHD symptoms show different interactions with anxiety depending on the task processing demands. To address this question, we investigated whether different ADHD traits are related to different inhibitory outcomes, contingent upon the level of trait anxiety. The sample consists of 60 non-clinical university students (X ̅age= 20.5, 53% male). Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scale (CAARS-SL) and State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were used to measure ADHD-traits and anxiety, respectively. The participants completed a visual Go/NoGo task with and without distractor conditions while continuous EEG was recorded. Inhibitory control was operationalized as the frontocentral N2 maximum peak amplitude elicited in response inhibition (NoGo/No Distractor), cognitive inhibition (Go/Distractor), dual inhibition (NoGo/Distractor), and control (Go/No Distractor) conditions. We analyzed the moderating effect of trait anxiety on the prediction of inhibitory control by ADHD scores for each Go/NoGo condition with the varying inhibition demands. Results showed that trait anxiety moderated the effects of total ADHD and hyperactivity-impulsivity scores, but only in the response inhibition condition (NoGo/No Distractor). Additionally, inattentiveness was related to attenuated N2 amplitudes in the cognitive inhibition condition (Go/Distractor). These findings suggest that depending on the inhibitory demands of the task, unique cognitive outcomes may occur when different ADHD traits coexist with anxiety.

Using the N-back task, we investigated how memory load influences the neural activity of the Chinese character cognitive subprocess (recognition, updating, and maintenance) in Mainland Chinese speakers. Twenty-seven participants completed the Chinese character N-back paradigm while having their event-related potentials recorded. The study employed time and frequency domain analyses of EEG data. Results showed that accuracy decreased and response times increased with larger N values. For ERPs, N2pc and P300 amplitudes decreased, and SW amplitude increased with larger N values. For time frequency analyses, the desynchronization of alpha oscillations decreased after stimulus onset, but the synchronization of alpha oscillations increased during the maintenance phase. The results suggest that greater memory load is related to a decrease in cognitive resources during updating and an increase in cognitive resources during information maintenance. Results of a brain-behavior relevant analysis showed that the ERP indicators in the maintenance phase predicted behavioral performance.

The aim of this study was to explore the mechanism of the age-related P3 ‘anterior’ shift using high-precision temporal principal components analysis (tPCA). Continuous EEG was recorded from younger and older adults while completing a two-stimulus visual oddball task. We narrowed our tPCA input to the P3 range to enhance precision and reveal potentially overlapping temporal components. eLORETA was used to model group and condition-related differences in component sources to further understanding of the functional relevance and neurobiology of the P3 anterior shift. The target P3a and P3b and the nontarget P3/l-P3 (late P3) evidenced the expected anterior shift. There was a general reduction in P3 component amplitudes in older compared to younger adults across both stimulus types, consistent with the P3 ‘ageing effect’. For all P3 components, eLORETA modelled changes in activation of multiple and diffuse sources with age, suggesting that neural processing is extending beyond frontal regions and that crosstalk between different neural networks is likely. Findings are aligned with the dedifferentiation hypothesis, as reduced P3 target amplitudes reflect attenuated responding to a preferred stimulus, and the anterior shift to nontargets is a form of neural broadening, or decreased selectivity of processing and increased responding to a non-preferred stimulus.

Behavioral and neural correlates of response inhibition are assumed to manifest in self-reported impulsivity and compulsivity, but findings are inconsistent. Existing studies often examined only isolated components of the complex underlying neural process and used sumscores of impulsivity and compulsivity. Yet, there is evidence suggesting that alterations in response inhibition may be linked to specific subfacets of the multidimensional constructs. Therefore, our aim was twofold: to investigate behavioral and neural correlates of response inhibition in a comprehensive way, and to examine whether these effects are associated with urgency, compulsivity, or the interaction of both. We examined 233 participants who performed a stop-signal task while electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded. The analysis involved single-trial regression and latency analyses, exploring the relationships with self-reported urgency and compulsivity. Stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) was not related to urgency or compulsivity. SSRT and urgency scores were negatively associated with an attenuated successful inhibition-P3 effect. Crucially, whereas long SSRT was associated with a reduced attention-P1 effect and a later onset and peak of the P3, we observed the opposite pattern for higher urgency with higher P1 related activity and an earlier onset and peak of the successful inhibition-P3. Associations with compulsivity were not observed. The absence of a direct association between urgency and SSRT can possibly be clarified by considering early attentional processes reflected in P1 and latency effects during response inhibition. Urgency appears to be related to increased recruitment of early attention and a faster action cancellation process that may compensate the reduced P3 related activity.

An increase in alternative activation in cerebral lateralisation with the ultradian rhythm dominates sympathetic or parasympathetic phases. In this study, we tested the reaction time (RT) of right-handed younger people to an auditory stimulus by shifting the ultradian rhythm to the sympathetic activation (SA) period. Twenty-three women and 7 men students volunteered for our study. In the resting period and SA phase, after measuring the participants’ blood pressure, heart rate, and nasal dominance, we assessed their right and left-hand RTs against regular and irregular auditory stimuli. SA was provided by running for 5 minutes on a treadmill at a rate that doubled the resting heart rate. In the SA phase, right-and left-hand RTs were accelerated in both stimulus types compared to pre-exercise (p<.05). With regular stimuli, the difference between right and left-hand RTs was insignificant in both the resting period and SA (p>.05). However, with irregular stimuli, the left-hand RT was faster than the right-hand RT for the resting period and after SA (p<.01). We conclude that the known superiority of the right hemisphere in processing non-verbal sounds, and its greater functionality in the formation of attention compared with the left hemisphere, accelerated the left-hand RT against irregular stimuli. Although the right hand and the motor area of the left hemisphere have an advantage of learned automatic motor skills, we suppose that the right hemisphere is superior in reaching the non-verbal sounds to the auditory cortex and the right auditory cortex processes these sensory signals faster via short-cut pathways.

While previous research has investigated the effects of emotional videos on peripheral physiological measures and conscious experience, this study extends the research to include cortical measures, specifically the steady-state visual evoked potential (ssVEP). A carefully curated set of 45 videos, designed to represent a wide range of emotional and neutral content, were presented with a flickering border. The videos featured a continuous single-shot perspective, natural soundtrack, and excluded elements associated with professional films, to enhance realism. The results demonstrate a consistent reduction in ssVEP amplitude during emotional videos which strongly correlates with the rated emotional intensity of the clips. This suggests that narrative audiovisual stimuli have the potential to track dynamic emotional processing in the cortex, providing new avenues for research in affective neuroscience. The findings highlight the potential of using realistic video stimuli to investigate how the human brain processes emotional events in a paradigm that increases ecological validity. Future studies can further develop this paradigm by expanding the video set, targeting specific cortical networks, and manipulating narrative predictability. Overall, this study establishes a foundation for investigating emotional perception using realistic video stimuli and has the potential to expand our understanding of real-world emotional processing in the human brain.

This study explored the link between Perception Attachment Security (PAS), neurobehavioral dynamics during emotion recognition, and social skills using a hierarchical multilinear EEG model. We used facial expression recognition tasks, behavior, and socio-affective measures to model a lower-dimensional parameter (LDP), which we built to encapsulate specific task-related neurobehavioral patterns influenced by personal history. We hypothesized that higher PAS levels would correlate with better emotion recognition performance and social skills. Our results showed an early midline occipital LDP/PAS increase at around 70 and 170 ms, suggesting that attachment security influences the nervous system’s organization and early neurobehavioral processes. We suggest this implies higher attachment security individuals might be better at perceiving and understanding emotions, leading to improved social competence. Social competence was found to affect early LDP dynamics over right hemisphere sensors, emphasizing the role of positive social skills and attachment security in processing facial expressions of emotions. In later temporal stages, LDP dynamics linked with antisocial behavior showed an increase around 200 ms post-stimulus, suggesting cognitive resources might be used to disengage from or maintain emotional processing, possibly hindering the consideration of interpersonal interactions and contextual factors vital for social skill development. This underscores the need to consider a wide range of factors to fully understand social competence.

Recent evidence indicates that measures of brain functioning as indexed by event-related potentials (ERP) on the electroencephalogram aligns more closely to transdiagnostic measures of psychopathology than to categorical taxonomies. The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) is a transdiagnostic, dimensional framework aiming to solve issues of comorbidity, symptom heterogeneity and arbitrary diagnostic boundaries. Based on shared features, the emotional disorders are allocated into subfactors Distress and Fear. Evidence indicate that disorders which are close in the HiTOP hierarchy share etiology, symptom profiles and treatment outcome. However, further studies testing the biological underpinnings of the HiTOP are called for. In this study, we assessed differences between Distress and Fear in a range of well-studied ERP components. Fifty-one patients with emotional disorders were divided into two groups (Distress, N = 26; Fear, N = 25) according to HiTOP criteria and compared against 37 healthy comparison subjects (HC). Addressing issues in traditional ERP preprocessing and analysis methods, we applied robust single-trial analysis as implemented in the EEGLAB toolbox LIMO EEG. Several ERP components were found to differ between the groups. Surprisingly, we found no difference between Fear and HC for any of the ERPs. This suggests that some well-established results from the literature, e.g., increased error-related negativity in OCD, is not a shared neurobiological correlate of the Fear subfactor. Conversely, for Distress, we found reductions compared to Fear and HC in several ERP components across paradigms. Future studies could utilize HiTOP-validated psychopathology measures to more precisely define subfactor groups.