Lilium tsingtauense Gilg is a rare and endangered wild plant, but the correlation between plant seed traits and environmental factors is insufficient. In order to explore the response of seed trait variation to the change of growth environment, 37 plots were selected in the altitude range of 200-1000 m in Laoshan scenic spot of Qingdao for investigation and statistics, and mature fruit and soil samples were brought back to measure soil nutrient content, fruit size, seed number and seed germination rate. The results showed that: (a) The habitat characteristics of L. tsingtauense had obvious population differences. There were significant differences in altitude, slope direction, light, soil water content, soil electrical conductivity, soil organic matter content and soil total nitrogen content among different populations. (b) The sensitivity of seed setting ability to environmental changes was higher than that of fruit and seed traits. Fruit length, width and thousand-grain weight were more stable than single fruit seed number and seed germination rate. (c) There was a significant correlation between longitude, altitude, illumination, soil water content, soil conductivity and soil total phosphorus content and seed traits. Among them, altitude was the key factor affecting the difference of seed traits of L. tsingtauense. And L. tsingtauense could produce more fruits and higher seed germination rate in high altitude growth environment. The results of this study revealed the environmental variation of seed traits and its influencing factors, which is of great significance for the renewal and protection of wild L. tsingtauense resources.