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\begin{document}

\title{Authorea \textbar{}\textbar{} CERN's Large Hadron Collider\\}


 \author{The Authorea Team}


\date{}

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\href{https://www.authorea.com/inst/7198}{CERN}'s 2008
\href{http://home.cern/topics/large-hadron-collider}{Large Hadron
Collider} is not just the world's largest and most powerful particle
collider but also the largest single machine and most complex
experimental facility.~Here, physicists are able to test fundamental
physics theories by smashing particles with extremely high energies. On
8 October 2013 the Nobel prize in physics was awarded jointly to
Fran\selectlanguage{ngerman}çois Englert and Peter~Higgs~``for the theoretical discovery of a
mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of
subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the
discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS
experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider.''\\\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.00\columnwidth]{figures/cms/cms}
\caption{{\hypertarget{auto-label-caption-729896}{}
The CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid) experiment, one of two large
general-purpose particle physics detectors built on the Large Hadron
Collider at CERN in Switzerland and France.~CMS is 21.6 metres long, 15
meters in diameter, and weighs about 14,000 tonnes%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Powerful features are needed for powerful research.} Answering
some of physics' biggest fundamental open questions concerning the basic
laws and forces of elementary objects, space time, quantum mechanics,
and general relativity is a lofty job. The LHC produces tens of
petabytes worth of data every year. With so much data, its computer
network infrastructure (\href{http://wlcg.web.cern.ch/}{Worldwide LHC
Computing Grid}) is made up of 170 computing centres from 36 countries,
making it the largest distributed computing grid in the world. Yet
\href{https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2015/04/08/lhcr-a08.html}{according
to CERN}, "the operation of the Large Hadron Collider to date has cost
less than the development and creation of a single new US aircraft
carrier, the
\href{http://www.cnet.com/pictures/meet-the-navys-new-13-billion-aircraft-carrier/}{USS
Gerald R. Ford}", a \$13 billion project.\\

However, like any particle physics experiment, the LHC suffered from
diminishing returns after a few years and a ``high-luminosity'' upgrade
was commissioned. In 2013, CERN temporarily shutdown the LHC for two
years. In 2015, the LHC was able to produce protons that move faster
than light in air (but still slower than the speed of light in a vacuum)
and a vacuum that is purer than that of outer space!~The increase from
600 million to over 1 billion proton-proton collisions will not only
increase scientific experimental capacity, but also the amount of data
to more than 30 petabytes every year.\\\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=1.00\columnwidth]{figures/cern-lhc/cern-lhc}
\caption{{\hypertarget{auto-label-caption-656695}{}
Collision of two protons. Simulated data modeled for the CMS particle
detector, Large Hadron Collider (Source:
\href{http://cds.cern.ch/record/628469}{CERN})%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

The Large Hadron Collider--which was built by over 10,000 scientists and
engineers from over 100 countries and in different universities and
laboratories--is the epitome of~\textbf{collaboration}. At the time of
LHC's restart, 60,000+ particle physicists from around the world were
lined up, looking forward to continue their research using the new data
coming from CERN.\\

Ready to start collaborating and answering some of science's biggest
questions? \href{http://www.authorea.com/signup}{Sign up for a free
Authorea} account and start writing!

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