This paper presents a comprehensive comparative study on the efficacy of Moringa oleifera (MO) and alum as coagulants in water treatment. Addressing the growing need for sustainable and environmentally friendly water purification methods, this research evaluates their performance in turbidity removal, pH variation, residual aluminum, and sludge generation. While alum demonstrates high efficiency in turbidity reduction, its associated drawbacks, such as increased sludge volume and residual aluminum, highlight the importance of exploring natural alternatives. Moringa oleifera, a natural coagulant, offers a promising solution with comparable turbidity removal capabilities, minimal impact on pH, and significantly reduced sludge production. This study also addresses the challenges associated with Moringa oleifera, including variability in seed quality, limited shelf life of MO extracts, possible microbial regrowth if not handled properly, and difficulties in scaling for large municipal systems. By integrating empirical data, critical analysis, and a balanced perspective, this paper aims to provide a robust understanding of the potential of natural coagulants in advancing sustainable water treatment technologies, aligning with global initiatives for clean water access.