High-performance lithium-sulfur batteries capable of stable operation under extreme environmental conditions have garnered significant scientific interest, though critical challenges persist regarding insufficient polysulfide conversion kinetics at subzero temperatures and persistent shuttle effects at elevated temperatures. While crystalline materials dominate current high-capacity electrode design, their intrinsic structural anisotropy typically induces lattice strain and structural degradation during electrochemical cycling. This study presents an engineered two-dimensional heterostructure combining amorphous molybdenum sulfide (MoS3) with reduced graphene oxide (MoS3-rGO), demonstrating dual functionality through robust polysulfide chemisorption and enhanced catalytic activity. When implemented as a sulfur host, the composite enables lithium-sulfur batteries with high specific capacity (1263 mAh g-1 at 0.2 C), exceptional rate performance (645 mAh g-1 at 5 C) and cycling stability (remaining 642 mAh g-1 after 800 cycles at 2 C) under room temperature conditions. The configuration achieves remarkable areal capacity of 9.7 mAh cm-2 even under high sulfur loading of 8.8 mg cm-2 and lean electrolyte conditions of 5.5 μL mg-1. Notably, the as-constructed two-dimensional architecture demonstrates unprecedented temperature adaptability, maintaining stable operation across a wide thermal spectrum (-25°C to 70°C), thereby addressing critical barriers to real-world implementation in extreme environments.