China is home to a vast array of local chicken breeds, including the LulingWu Chicken (LLW) from Hubei Province, which exhibits unique traits such as few or absent tail feathers, black bones, and black skin. Despite its long history of domestication, the genetic structure and diversity of the LLW remain largely unexplored. This study investigates the genetic variation and population structure of LLW chickens through genome-wide re-sequencing. A total of 20 blood samples from LLW chickens (10 yellow-feathered and 10 white-feathered) were analyzed alongside re-sequencing data from 111 individuals across 14 chicken breeds. Genetic diversity analysis revealed the highest inbreeding coefficients in white feather LLW and Red Jungle Fowl. Population structure analyses (neighbour-joining tree, PCA, and admixture) demonstrated that LLW forms a distinct monophyletic clade, separate from other Hubei and Chinese breeds, regardless of feather colour. Selective sweep analysis identified 10,578 candidate regions containing 297 genes, and among these genes, ARHGEF39, SMPD2, SV2C, THBS2, PTCH1, FBP1, FBP2, and GNAL were suspected in the regulation of tail feather development, pigmentation, and environmental adaptation. These findings provide new insights into the genetic uniqueness and adaptive traits of the LLW, supporting its conservation and potential use in future breeding programs. Further validation of identified genes and pathways will enhance our understanding of their role in chicken phenotypic adaptation.