The expansion of human society exerts complex impacts on nature reserves, where intertwined resource, socio-economic, and governance factors disrupt the balance between land development and ecological preservation.Resolving conflicts between conservation needs and human land use demands remains critical.This study employs the gravity model to establish an interaction model between nature reserves and surrounding land use, examining these dynamics through the lenses of resilience and vulnerability. By delineating a conflict-coordination system between nature reserves and surrounding land use, this model elucidates the intricate relationship between the resilience and vulnerability of nature reserves in the context of their surroundings. Employing the network structure, the gravity model assesses the impact of various land uses on nature reserves to derive impact standard values. Key findings include: (1) The size of surrounding land use and its proximity to the nature reserve are primary factors influencing the reserve’s vulnerability and resilience; (2) With the exception of green spaces and square areas (37.76), all urban development land exert a greater impact on the resilience of Wuyishan National Nature Reserve than on its vulnerability, indicating that urban development inevitably poses ecological threats to the reserve; (3) The consistent influence of different urban development land on the reserve is quantified (Balance coefficient k value). These findings establish benchmark values for the development benefits of different land uses around nature reserves, offering a scientific basis for local governments to devise more informed land-use plans and conservation policies.