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\title{backend=biber, style=alphabetic, sorting=ynt {]}biblatex Effects of
Spatial Statistical Units on the Zoning of Ecosystem Soil Retention
Services: A Case Study of the Loess Plateau}



\author[1]{Li Zhao}%
\author[1]{Zhuowei Hu}%
\author[1]{Mi Wang}%
\author[1]{Xiangping Liu}%
\author[1]{Wenxing Hou}%
\author[1]{Yongcai Wang}%
\author[1]{Siyuan Li}%
\author[1]{Junjie Wang}%
\affil[1]{Capital Normal University School of Resources Environment and Tourism}%


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  \date{April 25, 2026}


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\begin{abstract}
Soil retention services are vital for preventing erosion and maintaining
ecological stability. On the Loess Plateau, spatial zoning supports
targeted ecological management and sustainable development, but previous
studies have underemphasized the influence of statistical unit scale,
limiting the scientific basis for differentiated strategies. Employing a
Pressure--State--Response framework, we developed a zoning indicator
system and applied Self-Organizing Feature Map, UMAP dimensionality
reduction, and K-means clustering at grid, watershed, and county scales.
We found significant differences in the number, distribution, and
clustering patterns of zones across scales, driven by the varying
dominance of natural versus socio-economic factors. Natural drivers
prevailed at grid and watershed scales, whereas socio-economic factors
dominated at the county scale. Multilevel geographical detector analysis
identified the watershed scale as optimal, owing to its ecological
coherence and hydrological integrity. Machine learning further revealed
pronounced spatial heterogeneity in factor contributions and directions
at the watershed scale. These findings highlight the scale dependence of
soil retention mechanisms and the need for site-specific management
strategies. Our framework offers a novel approach to ecosystem service
zoning, informing research and policy on the Loess Plateau and analogous
regions.%
\end{abstract}%



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\verb`Table 1 Data sources and descriptions.doc`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/913950/articles/1291454-backend-biber-style-alphabetic-sorting-ynt-biblatex-effects-of-spatial-statistical-units-on-the-zoning-of-ecosystem-soil-retention-services-a-case-study-of-the-loess-plateau}

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\verb`Table 2. Index system for soil conservation service zonation in Loess Plateau.doc`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/913950/articles/1291454-backend-biber-style-alphabetic-sorting-ynt-biblatex-effects-of-spatial-statistical-units-on-the-zoning-of-ecosystem-soil-retention-services-a-case-study-of-the-loess-plateau}

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