Species can diverge in ways that are not immediately apparent, and eusocial insects like ants can provide valuable insights into these evolutionary processes. Here, we present compelling evidence for the recent divergence of African Camponotus maculatus ant populations into two distinct cryptic species. Through an integrative approach combining chemical, behavioral, and genetic analyses, we identify two contrasting chemotypes characterized by distinct cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles. Aggression assays reveal that worker ants exclusively exhibit hostility toward individuals with opposing chemotypes, independent of colony affiliation. Genetic barcoding further corroborates these findings, indicating distinctive phylogenetic clusters. Our results highlight the primary role of chemical differentiation in species divergence within eusocial insects. CHC profiles likely diverged primarily under ecological selection pressures, maintaining species boundaries despite morphological similarities. These findings underscore the importance of integrating multiple taxonomic modalities to resolve cryptic species complexes and offer insights into the evolutionary mechanisms driving speciation in ants.