5 Conclusion

The diverse methodological toolkit available highlights the adaptability of modelling approaches to address specific stressor types and questions for wildlife conservation and management. Here, we have provided an overview of the key modelling options available for predicting population responses to human disturbance, indicating how different models can be combined to leverage the strengths of alternative approaches. We also highlighted the important role that energetics plays in predicting the impacts of indirect stressors on population dynamics, and suggest other areas of development in modelling the complexities of indirect or multiple stressors, such as eco-evolutionary and sociological mechanisms. We hope new studies will consider alternative approaches or integrations and identify the processes that should be incorporated for assessing the specific disturbances impacting a given study system. Throughout we have illustrated the value of integrating different modelling approaches to address population consequences of disturbance, demonstrating that science is stronger with multi-disciplinary collaboration. In much the same way, collaboration between stakeholders, managers, decision-makers, and ecologists enables efficient uptake and implementation of management recommendations.