5 Conclusion
The diverse methodological toolkit available highlights the adaptability
of modelling approaches to address specific stressor types and questions
for wildlife conservation and management. Here, we have provided an
overview of the key modelling options available for predicting
population responses to human disturbance, indicating how different
models can be combined to leverage the strengths of alternative
approaches. We also highlighted the important role that energetics plays
in predicting the impacts of indirect stressors on population dynamics,
and suggest other areas of development in modelling the complexities of
indirect or multiple stressors, such as eco-evolutionary and
sociological mechanisms. We hope new studies will consider alternative
approaches or integrations and identify the processes that should be
incorporated for assessing the specific disturbances impacting a given
study system. Throughout we have illustrated the value of integrating
different modelling approaches to address population consequences of
disturbance, demonstrating that science is stronger with
multi-disciplinary collaboration. In much the same way, collaboration
between stakeholders, managers, decision-makers, and ecologists enables
efficient uptake and implementation of management recommendations.