Vesicle trafficking participates in the transport of intracellular/extracellular substances and signaling transduction in response to environmental changes through endocytosis and exocytosis. All life activities of plants, including normal growth, development and stress responses, are related to vesicle trafficking and ion transport. In recent years, the mechanism of vesicle trafficking has been continuously elucidated, and specific vesicle trafficking pathways in plants have also been identified. Research has shown that under environmental stresses, vesicular trafficking plays an important role in regulating the cellular localization and transport activity of ion transporters, which, in turn, take vital part in maintaining vesicular osmotic and pH homeostasis. This review outlines the processes, types of transport, and the key regulatory proteins involved in vesicle trafficking. It also provides an in-depth discussion on how vesicle trafficking interacts with ion transport proteins to regulate plant growth and development. Additionally, the review explores mechanisms by which plants use vesicle trafficking to cope with various abiotic stresses, including mineral deficiencies, heavy metal toxicity, and stresses caused by salt, drought, osmotic pressure, and pH imbalances. Finally, ideas and prospects are proposed for the interaction between vesicle trafficking proteins and ion transporters in the field of botany research. The review will provide a deeper understanding of the function of vesicle trafficking and the regulatory pathways of ion transport proteins, providing a comprehensive reference for research in this field.