Late spring frosts (LSF) pose ecological and economic risks, yet their changing frequency and extent under climate warming remain unclear. Using 1220 observations from 304 French oak populations (1997–2021), we developed and validated a model to simulate LSF damage. Our results reveal a long-term decline in LSF frequency (-0.22% yr⁻¹) and extent (-0.34% yr⁻¹) from 1961 to 2021, driven by a faster advancement of the last frost day (-0.28 days yr⁻¹) than budburst (-0.21 days yr⁻¹). However, regional variations emerge, with continental areas experiencing increased frost damage extent despite reduced frequency. These findings underscore the importance of considering both LSF frequency and extent when assessing frost risks in a warming climate, providing a comprehensive framework for future ecological and economic evaluations of LSF impacts.