PI3K – PKB/AKT pathway
Through Gβγ subunit, GPCRs also engage in crosstalk with the phosphoinositide 3-kinase - protein kinase B/AKT (PI3K-PKB/AKT) pathway, another critical signaling cascade implicated in cancer development (Fumarola, Bonelli, Petronini, & Alfieri, 2014; New, Wu, Kwok, & Wong, 2007). GPCR-induced PI3K stimulation may lead to AKT phosphorylation, which enhances cell survival and resistance to apoptosis. This pathway is commonly dysregulated in a variety of cancers (R. Liu et al. , 2020).