Wnt - β-catenin pathway
Wnt-β-catenin pathway is a signaling cascade crucial for cell fate
determination and stem cell maintenance (Zhang & Wang, 2020).
Dysregulated GPCR signaling can induce abnormal activation of
Wnt-β-catenin signaling, which supports the properties of cancer stem
cells and accelerates tumor growth (Nag et al. , 2018).
2.4 GPCR signaling in cancer immune
response
Apart from cancer cell behavior, the absence or presence of immune
response is an important factor that determines the progression of
cancer. The following section introduces key GPCRs that have been
identified to have impact on cancer immune response.