Ras - MAPK pathway
Research has demonstrated that GPCR activation can promote cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis through the Ras-MAPK-pathway (Santarpia, Lippman, & El-Naggar, 2012). Ras proteins can be activated by the Gαq or Gβγ subunit, triggering the Raf-MEK-MAPK kinase cascade. The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway are highly involved in tumorigenesis, thus becoming potential therapeutic targets for cancer treatment.