AC - cAMP pathway
As mentioned above, GPCRs regulate adenylate cyclase (AC) activity through Gαs / Gαi subunit and thereby change the level of intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP). The rise in cAMP activates PKA, leading to the phosphorylation of target proteins involved in various cellular processes, including cell proliferation, gene expression, cell survival and differentiation. Dysregulation of the AC-cAMP pathway has been found to be a contributing factor in cancer development (Ahmed, Alghamdi, Islam, Lee, & Lee, 2022).