Prostanoid Receptors
Prostaglandins can be generated by tumor cells as well as cells in the surrounding tissue, and they exert diverse physiological functions including inflammation and immune responses. In the context of cancer, prostanoid receptors play a multifaceted role in shaping the tumor microenvironment (Harizi, 2013). For example, PGE2 binds to EP2 and EP4 receptors, which suppress anti-tumor immune responses by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and promoting the expansion of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Ricciotti & FitzGerald, 2011). Conversely, stimulation of EP3 receptors may have opposite effects, enhancing certain aspects of the immune response (Semmlinger et al. , 2018). The intricate balance among these receptors influences the immune landscape within the tumor, and targeting prostanoid receptors has emerged as a potential strategy to enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy (Nie, Wang, & Nie, 2023).