Monitoring temporal changes in subsurface structures is essential for understanding Earth’s dynamic response to environmental and tectonic processes, including fluctuations in temperature, fluids, and stress. From July 2017 to October 2019, we investigate the temporal variations in the subsurface structure in Taklimakan desert using broadband seismographs. By jointly using the Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) of ambient noise to resolve velocity changes (dv/v), and road traffic signals to estimate Q-value variations (dQ/Q), we observe seasonal variations of up to 4% in dv/v and up to 10% in dQ/Q within the 15-25 Hz frequency band, at depths of up to 10 meters. These variations exhibit a positive correlation with seasonal temperature fluctuations and are negatively modulated by high soil water content with negligible time lags. Quantitative analysis reveals that dQ/Q is more sensitive to temperature and soil water than dv/v, though it comes with relatively higher measurement uncertainties. Our findings suggest that thermoelastic strain primarily drives the observed seasonal variations, while poroelastic strain and wave-induced flow effects are dominating during periods of high soil water content in the shallow desert subsurface due to precipitation.