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\title{Genetics Template}



\author[1]{Josh Nicholson}%
\affil[1]{Authorea}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{April 25, 2026}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
{This Authorea document template can be used to prepare documents
according to a desired citation style and authoring guidelines.
Abstracts are not always required, but most academic papers have one and
writers should know how to produce a useful abstract. An abstract should
be a very short, clear and concise summation of the entire paper. An
abstract should provide enough of a preview that a typical reader will
know whether or not they wish to read the paper. It should reveal both
the purpose and conclusions of the paper.}\\%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy


Manuscripts must be:

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  written in English with American spelling and correct grammar and
  punctuation
\item
  in 12-point type double-spaced throughout including the Literature
  Cited section and appendices
\item
  marked with consecutive page numbers beginning with the cover page
\item
  contain sections in the order shown below (Abstract Introduction
  Materials and Methods Results and Discussion).
\end{itemize}

The first page should contain:

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  a concise informative title that avoids jargon and includes the name
  of the organism under study
\item
  the authors' names
\item
  the authors' institutional affiliations including department;
  institution; and city state or province country if outside the United
  States and postal code (do not include districts or street addresses)
\item
  reference numbers for data available in public repositories and IRB
  numbers.
\end{itemize}

For the authors' names indicate different affiliations with the
superscript symbols: * + ++ \selectlanguage{ngerman}§. (These symbols can be inserted using
Microsoft Word.) After four authors the symbols double triple quadruple
etc. but in the same order ( ** \selectlanguage{english}+\selectlanguage{english}+ \selectlanguage{english}++\selectlanguage{english}++ SSSS)

Use a numbered footnote to indicate an author's present address.
Indicate a dedicatory footnote (if desired) with boldfaced type.

The second page contains:

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  a short running title of about 35 characters including spaces
\item
  up to five key words or phrases
\item
  the corresponding author's name office mailing address including
  street name and number phone number and email address.
\end{itemize}

\section*{Abstract}

{\label{972126}}

The abstract should be written for people who may not read the entire
paper so it must stand on its own. The impression it makes usually
determines whether the reader will go on to read the article so the
abstract must be engaging clear and concise. In addition the abstract
may be the only part of the article that is indexed in databases so it
must accurately reflect the content of the article. A well-written
abstract is THE most effective way to reach intended readers leading to
more robust search retrieval and usage of the article. Your abstract
should:

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  provide a synopsis of the entire article;
\item
  begin with the broad context of the study followed by specific
  background for the study;
\item
  describe the purpose methods and procedures core findings and results
  and conclusions of the study;
\item
  emphasize new or important aspects of the research;
\item
  engage the broad readership of~\emph{GENETICS}~and be understandable
  to a diverse audience (avoid using jargon);
\item
  be a single paragraph of less than 250 words;
\item
  contain the full name of the organism studied;
\item
  NOT contain citations or abbreviations.
\end{itemize}

\section*{Introduction}

{\label{214448}}

For the introduction authors should be mindful of the broad readership
of the journal. The introduction should set the stage for the importance
of the work to a generalist reader and draw the reader in to the
specific study. The scope and impact of the work should be clearly
stated.

In individual organisms where a mutant is being studied the rationale
for the study of that mutant must be clear to a geneticist not studying
that particular organism. Similarly study of particular phenotypes
should be justified broadly and not on the basis of interest for that
organism alone. General background on the importance of the genetic
pathway and/or phenotype should be provided in a single well-reasoned
paragraph near the beginning of the introduction.

Authors are encouraged to:

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  cite the supporting literature completely rather than select a subset
  of citations;
\item
  provide important background citations including relevant review
  papers (to help orient the non-specialist reader);
\item
  to cite similar work in other organisms.
\end{itemize}

\section*{Materials and Methods}

{\label{443507}}

Manuscripts submitted to~\emph{GENETICS}~should contain a clear
description of the experimental design in sufficient detail so that the
experimental analysis could be repeated by another scientist. If the
level of detail necessary to explain the protocol goes beyond two
paragraphs give a short description in the main body of the paper and
prepare a detailed description for supporting
information.~\emph{GENETICS}~suggests authors supplement their methods
with detailed protocols on the open access
repository~\href{http://protocols.io/}{protocols.io}.

\emph{For example:}~indicate how many individuals were used and if
applicable how individuals or groups were combined for analysis. If
working with mutants indicate how many independent mutants were
isolated. If working with populations indicate how samples were
collected and whether they were random with respect to the target
population.

\paragraph{}

\subsection*{Statistical Analysis}

{\label{467493}}

It is important to indicate what statistical analysis has been
performed; not just the name of the software and options selected but
the method and model applied. In the case of many genes being examined
simultaneously or many phenotypes a multiple comparison correction
should be used to control the type I error rate or a rationale for not
applying a correction must be provided. The type of correction applied
should be clearly stated. It should also be clear whether the p-values
reported are raw or after correction. Corrected p-values are often
appropriate but raw p-values should be available in the supporting
materials so that others may perform their own corrections. In large
scale data exploration studies (e.g. genome wide expression studies) a
clear and complete description of the replication structure must be
provided.

\paragraph{}

\subsection*{Data Availability}

{\label{245866}}

At the end of the Materials and Methods section include a statement on
reagent and data availability. Please read
the~\href{http://www.genetics.org/content/scope-and-publication-policies\#data-reagent}{Data
and Reagent Policy}~before writing the statement. Make sure to list the
accession numbers or DOIs of any data you have placed in public
repositories. List the file names and descriptions of any data you will
upload as supplemental information. The statement should also include
any applicable IRB numbers. You may include specifications for how to
properly acknowledge or cite the data.

\par\null

**Please note that for the review process you agree to make data
available upon request. If accession numbers/DOIs are not available yet
please indicate where data will be submitted. Accession numbers/DOIs
must be available prior to publication.

\par\null

\emph{For example}: Strains are available upon request. File S1 contains
detailed descriptions of all supplemental files. File S2 contains SNP ID
numbers and locations. File S3 contains

genotypes for each individual. Sequence data are available at GenBank
and the accession numbers are listed in File S3. Gene expression data
are available at GEO with the accession number: GDS1234. Code used to
generate the simulated data is provided in file S4.

\subsubsection*{}

\section*{Results and Discussion}

{\label{916164}}

The results and discussion should not be repetitive. The results section
should give a factual presentation of the data and all tables and
figures should be referenced; the discussion should not summarize the
results but provide an interpretation of the results and should clearly
delineate between the findings of the particular study and the possible
impact of those findings in a larger context. Authors are encouraged to
cite recent work relevant to their interpretations. Present and discuss
results only once not in both the Results and Discussion sections. It is
sometimes acceptable to combine results and discussion. The text should
be as succinct as possible. Heed Strunk and White's dictum: ``Omit
needless words!''

\par\null

The text should conform to the style in recent issues
of~\emph{GENETICS}. Please follow these guidelines:

\emph{In-text citations:}~Include both names for citations with two
authors. Citations with three or more authors name the first author
with~\emph{et al.}~for the other authors. Cite only articles that are
published or in press. To cite personal communications or unpublished
results list all contributors by initials and last name; do not
use~\emph{et al.}.

\emph{Numbers:}~In the text write out numbers nine or less except as
part of a date a fraction or decimal a percentage or a unit of
measurement. Use Arabic numbers for those larger than nine except as the
first word of a sentence; however try to avoid starting a sentence with
such a number.

\emph{Units:}~Use abbreviations of the customary units of measurement
only when they are preceded by a number: ``3 min'' but ``several
minutes''. Write ``percent'' as one word except when used with a number:
``several percent'' but ``75\%.'' To indicate temperature in centigrade
use deg (for example 37deg); include a letter after the degree symbol only
when some other scale is intended (for example 45degK).

\emph{Nomenclature and Italicization:}~Italicize names of organisms even
when when the species is not indicated. Italicize the first three
letters of the names of restriction enzyme cleavage sites as
in~\emph{Hin}dIII. Write the names of strains in roman except when
incorporating specific genotypic designations. Italicize genotype names
and symbols including all components of alleles but not when the name of
a gene is the same as the name of an enzyme. Do not use ``+'' to
indicate wild type. Carefully distinguish between genotype (italicized)
and phenotype (\emph{not}~italicized) in both the writing and the
symbolism.

To divide the text into sections only these four levels are allowed:

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  Level 1: Centered all capital letters. Use this level for major
  sections of text such as Materials and Methods and the Discussion.
\item
  Level 2: Freestanding flush-left boldface. Use this level only to
  group two or more closely related Level 3 headings in long article.
\item
  Level 3: Paragraph-initiating boldface followed by a colon.
\item
  Level 4: Paragraph-initiating italic. Level 4 headings may be numbered
  but only when the numbers must be cited in the text.
\end{itemize}

\subsection*{}

\subsection*{Genetic Nomenclature~}

{\label{255429}}

Authors are expected to use standard genetic nomenclature (consult the
organism databases whenever possible). Reference to genetic resources
(e.g. genes loci alleles) in organisms that do not have a public
database that resolves synonymy of such items must be accompanied by a
thorough scholarly accounting of all other names in the literature.

GENETICS offers In-Article Database Linking to enrich your scientific
publications and ensure that data relevant to your research can be
discovered and accessed by readers. Please indicate in the submission
form if your manuscript contains linkable entities.

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  \href{http://flybase.org/}{Flybase ~}
\item
  \href{http://fungidb.org/fungidb/}{FungiDB}
\item
  \href{http://www.yeastgenome.org/}{Saccharomyces Genome Database~}~
\item
  \href{http://www.wormbase.org/\#01-23-6}{Wormbase}~
\end{itemize}

For FungiDB linking please use the hyperlink style in Word to mark any
items that should be
linked.~Instructions~\href{http://www.genetics.org/sites/default/files/GSAFungiDB_AU_instructions.pdf}{here}.~The
hyperlink style is under ``All Styles'' in your Styles window
(View\textgreater{}Styles). Select the item you want GENETICS to
hyperlink (for example Gene ID~\textbf{AMAG\_00042}) and then click the
``Hyperlink'' style in the list.

GENETICS will insert a link to the gene for any item marked with the
hyperlink style. ~For example if you have
marked~\textbf{AMAG\_00042~}with the hyperlink sytle we'll insert
the~URL http://fungidb.org/gene/AMAG\_00042

More information on how to find a Gene ID is available
at~\url{http://www.genetics.org/sites/default/files/EntLink\_15Mar2016.pdf}

\subsection*{}

\subsection*{Figures~}

{\label{681195}}

For the review process figures can be embedded in the manuscript with
the legends directly below the figure. Alternatively they can be
submitted as separate files with the legends at the end of the
manuscript text. Upon acceptance of the manuscript GENETICS will require
the figures to be uploaded as separate files for preparation.

Note that images must not be manipulated in any way that misrepresents
the original~data.~If editors suspect any images in your manuscript have
been inappropriately manipulated they may request the original image
files for comparison.~If original files are not available or reveal
inappropriate manipulations the editors may reject or withdraw
acceptance of your manuscript.~Please read
the~\href{http://www.genetics.org/content/scope-and-publication-policies\#image}{Image
Manipulation Policy}~for more information and examples.

\subsubsection*{File Format}\label{file-format}

Acceptable file formats are:

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  TIFF (.tiff)
\item
  JPEG (.jpg)
\item
  Microsoft PowerPoint (.ppt)
\item
  EPS (.eps)
\item
  Adobe Illustrator (.ai)
\item
  Adobe Photoshop (.psd)
\end{itemize}

Formats not supported include: Bitmap (.bmp) PICT (.pict) Excel (.xls)
Canvas (.cnv) and Corel Draw (.cdr). Please note that for the submission
process it's best to upload TIFF JPEG or EPS files so that the PDF
conversion is not stalled. The Adobe Photoshop or~ Illustrator files are
best uploaded as a source file post-acceptance.

\subsubsection*{Resolution Contrast and
Size}\label{resolution-contrast-and-size}

All files must conform to these resolution ranges:

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  Halftone (color or black \& white): 200-300 dpi
\item
  Grayscale and color combination images: 300-500 dpi
\item
  Line art images: 500-1000 dpi
\end{itemize}

RGB CMYK and Grayscale are all acceptable. Halftones should be high
contrast with sharp detail because some loss of detail and contrast is
inevitable in the production process. Good contrast is particularly
important for chromatographs. Each file must be no larger than 10 MB;
figures should be 10-20 cm in width and 1-25 cm in height. Graph axes
must be exactly perpendicular and all lines of equal density (.5 point
minimum).

\subsubsection*{Labels}\label{labels}

Label multiple figure parts with A B etc. in bolded type and use Arrows
and numbers to draw attention to areas you want to highlight. If the
figure is submitted in unattached parts include a scan of how these
should be arranged. Please note that figure parts must be part of one
singular image/caption (for example we cannot have Figure 1A 1B 1C as
seperate figures each with their own caption). Label all figures in
numerical order with Arabic numerals and cite figures in the text in
their numerical order. When preparing the manuscript for publication the
copyeditors will insert or relocate a citation or will renumber figures
as needed. Within the label be sure to distinguish between similar
characters such as the letter l and the number 1 or the letter O and the
number 0. Labels and legends should be in a sans-serif 10-point font.

\subsubsection*{Legends}\label{legends}

Figure legends should start with a brief title and should be a
self-contained description of the content of the figure that provides
enough detail to fully understand the data presented. All conventional
symbols used to indicate figure data points are available for
typesetting; unconventional symbols should not be used. Italicize all
mathematical variables (both in the figure legend and figure) genotypes
and additional symbols that are normally italicized. Note that Figures
will be automatically converted into PowerPoint-ready slides available
for download.

\subsubsection*{Video and Movie Files}\label{video-and-movie-files}

\emph{GENETICS}~supports video and movie files that can be linked from
any portion of the article - including the abstract. Acceptable formats
include .asf avi .wav and all types of Windows Media files.

\subsection*{\texorpdfstring{{}Tables~}{Tables~}}\label{tables}

For the review process tables can be embedded in the manuscript or
submitted as separate files. Avoid shading color type line drawings
graphics or other illustrations within tables. Use tables for data only;
present drawings graphics and illustrations as separate figures.
Histograms should not be used to present data that can be captured
easily in text or small tables as they take up much more space.

\subsubsection*{Format}\label{format}

Tables should either be in LaTeX or Microsoft Word (.doc).

\subsubsection*{Layout}\label{layout}

Title (required) - Should be concise and list the table number in Arabic
numerals. Tables should not be numbered 1A 1B etc. but if necessary
interior parts of the table can be labeled A B etc. for easy reference
in the text.

Footnotes - If used these should be typed directly below the table with
lowercase superscript italic letters (a b c etc.). Use * ** and *** to
indicate conventional levels of statistical significance explained below
the table.

Tables should have clearly defined top lines and bottom lines that are
.5 point in weight.

\subsubsection*{Labels and Legends}\label{labels-and-legends}

Labels for tables should be in all Caps and in a sans-serif 10-point
font. Material within the table should also be in a sans-serif 10-point
font and double-spaced. Any totals and sums should be in boldface type.
A legend if present must precede any footnotes and should follow the
font requirements for the labels and table text. Legends should be a
self-contained description of the content and should provide enough
detail to fully understand the data presented.

\subsection*{\texorpdfstring{{}Math
Characters~}{Math Characters~}}\label{math-characters}

To accurately represent the math characters in your article please use
MathType 5.0 or later for equations that need math characters not found
on your keyboard. If characters are set in text this may result in
errors and a delay in the processing of your accepted manuscript. Please
contact the editorial office if you have any questions about submitting
your files.

\subsection*{\texorpdfstring{{}References~}{References~}}\label{references}

For initial submission and review you may submit manuscripts with
references formatted in the style of another journal. However if your
manuscript is accepted for publication please format the references as
they appear in a recent article of\emph{GENETICS}. Please use the
following guidelines:

\subsubsection*{In-Text Citations}\label{in-text-citations}

For citations with two authors include both authors' names.Example:
(Ricardo and Lehmann 1999)

For citations with three or more authors list only the first author's
name followed by~\emph{et al}.Example: (Kim~\emph{et al.}~1999)

Cite references chronologically.Example: (Chen~\emph{et al.}~1997; Scott
and Rogers 1998; Isaacson 1999)

For multiple citations with the same first author list single-author
entries by year using 1996a 1996b etc.Example: (Chen~\emph{et
al.}~1996a)

\subsubsection*{Literature Cited}\label{literature-cited}

Cite only articles that are published or in press. To cite personal
communications or unpublished results list all contributors by initials
and last name; do not use~\emph{et al}.

Order references alphabetically by first author with a space between an
author's initials.

List references with three or more authors only by year and without
regard to number of authors or alphabetical rank of authors beyond the
first. For example:

For articles with more than five authors list the first five names and
then~\emph{et al}.

For multiple citations with the same first author published in the same
year list entries by year using 1996a 1996b etc. Alphabetize by second
author. For example:

Sample journal article citation:(Note spaces between authors' initials
and after the colon.)

Sample book citation:

Sample chapter-in-book citation:

\subsection*{\texorpdfstring{{}Reagent
Table~}{Reagent Table~}}\label{reagent-table}

Wider use of identifiers and recognized symbols increases the
transparency and reproducibility of biological research\emph{~}while
aiding curation into research databases. Authors are encouraged to
download the
spreadsheet~\href{http://www.genetics.org/sites/default/files/additional-assets/reagent/Reagents_template.xlsx?ctkey=ReagTemp}{here
(Excel file)} which is designed to be used regularly during the course
of a research project recording reagents as they are received and/or
used.~

The spreadsheet format is convenient and flexible for the researcher and
provides commonly used download options for readers of publications.
Lab-wide use of a common reagent form would facilitate tracking of
reagents within the lab and provides information in a structured format
that allows bulk downloads and greatly facilitates curation into
research databases. In addition to reagents unambiguous identification
of specific genes studied is particularly helpful for genetic and genome
databases as well as for the larger research community.

Authors should upload the spreadsheet as a supplemental file and refer
to it at least once in their manuscript as ``Reagent Table''. No
numbering is required. Please refer to
these~\href{http://www.genetics.org/sites/default/files/additional-assets/reagent/Guidelines_ReagentTable.pdf?ctkey=ReagIns}{instructions}~and
this~\href{http://www.genetics.org/sites/default/files/additional-assets/reagent/Reagents_example.xlsx?ctkey=ReagEx}{example
file (Excel)}~when creating your Reagent Table using
this~\href{http://www.genetics.org/sites/default/files/additional-assets/reagent/Reagents_template.xlsx?ctkey=ReagTemp}{Excel
file}. This template is a new resource from FlyBase with input from
other model organism databases and will be of use to the wider research
community. We welcome your feedback:~{genetics-gsa@thegsajournals.org}.

\subsection*{\texorpdfstring{{}Supplemental
Material~}{Supplemental Material~}}\label{supplemental-material}

We encourage authors to submit supplemental material that enhances the
published manuscript and which may be of interest to other
investigators. Examples include tables figures movies and extended
Materials and Methods sections. Enough detail must be provided between
the text and the supporting information for the complete replication of
the work by an independent scientist. In addition authors are encouraged
to provide information that may aid in the use of the results of the
paper for additional studies. For example in eQTL studies the data
needed to produce the summary~\emph{cis}~and~\emph{trans}~plot provides
detailed information that another scientist seeking to understand what
genes may be regulating their favorite gene may find extremely useful.
Any information which enhances the impact and usefulness of the work
presented is appropriate for the supplement. Other examples include
complete analysis results (including those not statistically
significant) for microarray analyses metabolomic data or phenotypic
data.

Supplemental material is published as provided without copyediting or
alteration. You may upload supplemental material in one combined file or
as individual files. Cite each piece of supplemental material at least
once in the manuscript (for example see Figure S\# Table S\# or File
S\#) and include a summary of of the files in your Data Availability
statement. We will link in-text supplemental citations to the associated
file. .

\subsubsection*{Supplemental Figures}\label{supplemental-figures}

Place each figure title and legend below the corresponding figure. The
title should begin with the figure number written as Figure S1 Figure S2
Figure S3 etc. in bold font. If the figure and corresponding
title/legend do not fit on one page place the legend and title on the
last page of the figure.

\subsubsection*{Supplemental Tables}\label{supplemental-tables}

Place each table title above the corresponding table. The title should
begin with the table number written as Table S1 Table S2 Table S3 etc.
If possible use bold font for the entire title including the table
number. Table legends can be placed at the bottom of the table along
with footnotes. We encourage you to submit tables as Excel .csv or .txt
files.

\subsubsection*{Supplemental Files}\label{supplemental-files}

Files are supplemental material that does not fall into the figure or
table category. Examples include additional Materials and Method
sections reference papers computer programs and videos. Number your
files as File S1 File S2 File S3 etc.

\subsection*{\texorpdfstring{{}Article
Summary~}{Article Summary~}}\label{article-summary}

During the online submission process you will be asked to provide an
Article Summary. In~fewer than 100 words summarize the significance of
your article for the general readership of~\emph{GENETICS}. This summary
may be modified and used in
the~\href{http://www.genetics.org/content/current\#IssueHighlights}{Issue
Highlights}~section of the journal and the GSA Newsletter.

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