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\begin{document}

\title{8 Historic Elections in Science~\\}


 \author{The Authorea Team}


\date{}

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The scientific community holds elections for various academies,
positions, and prizes. Much like in politics, the elections have not
always been open to everyone. Here we highlight 8 ``firsts'' in
elections in light of the current United States presidential election.~

\par\null\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.56\columnwidth]{figures/453px-Florence-Sabin-1922-09-01/453px-Florence-Sabin-1922-09-01}
\caption{{\hypertarget{auto-label-caption-620472}{}
\textbf{First Woman Member of the National Academy of Sciences: Florence
Rena Sabin (1871-1953)~}
\hypertarget{auto-label-caption-591725}{}
Elected in 1925, Dr. Florence Rena Sabin was the first female member of
the NAS. Dr. Sabin was also the first woman on the faculty of the
\href{http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/}{Johns Hopkins University School
of Medicine}. Read more about Dr. Sabin
\href{https://cfmedicine.nlm.nih.gov/physicians/biography_283.html}{here}.
\hypertarget{auto-label-caption-557525}{}
\hypertarget{auto-label-caption-830359}{}
\hypertarget{auto-label-caption-435218}{}
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\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.56\columnwidth]{figures/berkeley-blackwell/berkeley-blackwell}
\caption{{\hypertarget{auto-label-caption-824905}{}
\textbf{First African American elected member of the NAS: David
Blackwell (1919-2010).}
Elected in 1965, Dr. David Blackwell was the first African American
elected member of the \href{http://www.nasonline.org/}{NAS}. Read more
about Dr. Blackwell
\href{http://www.cpnas.org/aahp/biographies/david-harold-blackwell.htmlhttp://www.cpnas.org/aahp/biographies/david-harold-blackwell.html}{here}.
\hypertarget{auto-label-caption-536358}{}%
}}
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\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.56\columnwidth]{figures/428px-Marcia-McNutt-USGS-portrait/428px-Marcia-McNutt-USGS-portrait}
\caption{{\hypertarget{auto-label-caption-158907}{}
\textbf{First female President of the National Academy of Sciences and
first Editor-in-chief of \emph{Science}: Marcia McNutt}
\hypertarget{auto-label-caption-706848}{}
Dr. Marcia McNutt was elected as the first female president of the NAS
on February 16th, 2016. Read more about Dr. McNutt
\href{https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marcia-McNutt}{here}.~\emph{\textbf{~}}
\hypertarget{auto-label-caption-298233}{}
\hypertarget{auto-label-caption-415570}{}
\textbf{~}
\hypertarget{auto-label-caption-617762}{}%
}}
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\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.56\columnwidth]{figures/Mitchell-Maria-telescope1/Mitchell-Maria-telescope1}
\caption{{\hypertarget{auto-label-caption-379824}{}
\textbf{First Elected Woman to American Association for the Advancement
of Science: Maria Mitchell (1818-1889)}
\hypertarget{auto-label-caption-549215}{}
American astronomer Maria Mitchell was the first female elected to the
\href{https://www.aaas.org/}{AAAS} in 1848. Read more about Mitchell
\href{http://www.biography.com/people/maria-mitchell-9410353\#discovering-miss-mitchells-comet-and-becoming-americas-first-female-astronomer}{here}.
\hypertarget{auto-label-caption-140066}{}
\hypertarget{auto-label-caption-538208}{}
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\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.56\columnwidth]{figures/Marie-Curie-c1920/Marie-Curie-c1920}
\caption{{\hypertarget{auto-label-caption-784428}{}
\textbf{First Woman to win the Nobel Prize (1903, 1911): Dr. Marie
Curie}
\hypertarget{auto-label-caption-839758}{}
Dr. Marie Curie was the first woman to win the
\href{http://www.nobelprize.org/}{Nobel Prize} in 1903. She subsequently
won it in 1911 as well, amongst many other accomplishments. Read more
about Curie
\href{https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/marie-curie-bio.html}{here}.~
\hypertarget{auto-label-caption-699593}{}
\hypertarget{auto-label-caption-378105}{}
\hypertarget{auto-label-caption-741640}{}%
}}
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\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.56\columnwidth]{figures/rees/rees}
\caption{{\hypertarget{auto-label-caption-165282}{}
\textbf{First woman elected President of the AAAS: Dr. Mina Rees
(1902-1997)}
\hypertarget{auto-label-caption-421441}{}
Mathematician Dr. Mina Rees was the first woman to be elected as the
president of the AAAS in 1971. Read more about Rees
\href{http://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/28/nyregion/mina-s-rees-mathematician-and-cuny-leader-dies-at-95.html}{here}.
\hypertarget{auto-label-caption-777775}{}
\hypertarget{auto-label-caption-986882}{}%
}}
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\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.56\columnwidth]{figures/145/145}
\caption{{\hypertarget{auto-label-caption-302695}{}
\textbf{First woman elected Director of the National Institutes of
Health: Dr. Bernadine Healy (1944-2011)}
\hypertarget{auto-label-caption-986610}{}
Physician Dr. Bernadine Healy was the first woman to be elected as the
director of the \href{https://www.nih.gov/}{NIH} in 1991. Read more
about Rees \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernadine_Healy}{here}.
\hypertarget{auto-label-caption-688962}{}
\hypertarget{auto-label-caption-145611}{}%
}}
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\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.56\columnwidth]{figures/WalterMassey/WalterMassey}
\caption{{\hypertarget{auto-label-caption-846794}{}
\textbf{First African American elected as President of the AAAS: Dr.
Walter Massey}
American Physicist Dr. Walter Massey was the first African American to
be elected as the president of the AAAS in 1989. Read more about Massey
\href{http://www.morehouse.edu/about/bio-wmassey.html}{here.~}
Did we miss someone? Leave a comment here and we will add them to the
list!
\hypertarget{auto-label-caption-690376}{}%
}}
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\end{figure}

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