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\title{65 out of the 100 most cited papers are paywalled. ~ ~ ~\\}


 \author{The Authorea Team}


\date{}

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The web was built specifically to share research papers amongst scientists.  Despite this being the first goal of the modern web, most research is still published behind a paywall. We have recently highlighted famous math papers that reside behind a paywall as well as ten papers that have achieved a near rockstar status in research and the public. Here we systematically look at the top one hundred cited papers of all time and find that $65\%$ of these papers are not open. Stated another way, \textbf{the world's most important research is inaccessible from the majority of the world.}

A few facts about the top 100 cited papers:

\begin{enumerate}
\item The weighted average of all the paywalls is: $\$32.33$, rounding to the nearest cent.
\item There are $1,088,779$ citations of the Open Access articles, so, if they cost the same on average as the Paywalled articles and were paid for individually, they would cost a total of: $\$35,199,108.44$--that's $14$ Bugatti Veyrons, or enough to buy everyone in New York City a Starbucks Tall coffee and chocolate chip cookie. In comparison, the total amount for the paywalled articles, assuming everyone bought the paywalled articles individually, is $\$54,722,252.80$.
\item That's $23$ Bugatti Veyrons, or enough to buy everyone in New York City a footlong from Subway.
\item Although $65\%$ of the most cited papers are paywalled, only $61\%$ of those paper's citations are from paywalled journals. Thus the open access articles in this list are, on average, cited more than the paywalled ones.
\end{enumerate}






\begin{tabular}{p{28cm}lrlr}
\toprule
Title & Citations & Status & Cost & Cost to Buy Individually\\
\midrule
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199901143400207}{Atherosclerosis - an inflammatory disease.} & 12,119 & Paywall & \$20.00 & \$242,380.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01269a023}{Adsorption of gases in multimolecular layers.} & 12,252 & Paywall & \$40.00 & \$490,080.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00280883}{Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man.} & 12,257 & Paywall & \$39.95 & \$489,667.15\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/256495a0}{Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity.} & 12,391 & Paywall & \$32.00 & \$396,512.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108767390010224}{Improved methods for building protein models in electron-density maps and the location of errors in these models.} & 12,649 & Paywall & \$40.00 & \$505,960.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.45.13244}{Accurate and simple analytic representation of the electron-gas correlation-energy} & 12,748 & Paywall & \$25.00 & \$318,700.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5320(69)90033-1}{A low-viscosity epoxy resin embedding medium for electron microscopy.} & 12,807 & Paywall & \$39.95 & \$511,639.65\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/353737a0}{A low-cost high-efficiency solar-cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO2 films.} & 12,873 & Paywall & \$32.00 & \$411,936.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0927-0256(96)00008-0}{Efficiency of ab initio total energy calculations for metals and semiconductors using a plane-wave basis set.} & 13,084 & Paywall & \$39.95 & \$522,705.80\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/0111030}{An algorithm for least-squares estimation of nonlinear parameters.} & 13,258 & Paywall & \$25.00 & \$331,450.00\\
\hline
\href{http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve\&db=Pub,Med\&list_uids=1852778\&dopt=Abstract}{Nitric oxide: physiology pathophysiology and pharmacology.} & 13,267 & Paywall & \$25.00 & \$331,675.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.220.4598.671}{Optimization by simulated annealing.} & 13,293 & Paywall & \$30.00\ & \$398,790.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.50.17953}{Projector augmented-wave method.} & 13,330 & Paywall & \$25.00 & \$333,250.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(61)90145-9}{A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity.} & 13,332 & Paywall & \$39.95 & \$532,613.40\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.445869}{Comparison of simple potential functions for simulating liquid water.} & 13,774 & Paywall & \$30.00 & \$413,220.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.59.1758}{From ultrasoft pseudopotentials to the projector augmented-wave method.} & 14,049 & Paywall & \$25.00 & \$351,225.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1119(85)90120-9}{Improved M13 phage cloning vectors and host strains nucleotide-sequences of the M13mp18 and pUC19 vectors} & 14,232 & Paywall & \$35.95 & \$511,640.40\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TAC.1974.1100705}{A new look at statistical-model identification.} & 14,275 & Paywall & \$33.00 & \$471,075.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889892009944}{PROCHECK: a program to check the stereochemical quality of protein structures.} & 14,462 & Paywall & \$40.00 & \$578,480.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.456153}{Gaussian-basis sets for use in correlated molecular calculations. 1. The atoms boron through neon and hydrogen.} & 14,617 & Paywall & \$30.00 & \$438,510.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0907444998003254}{Crystallography \& NMR system: a new software suite for macromolecular structure determinatio,n.} & 14,898 & Paywall & \$40.00 & \$595,920.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2529310}{The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data.} & 14,903 & Paywall & \$14.00 & \$208,642.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(59)90090-6}{Tissue sulfhydryl groups.} & 15,019 & Paywall & \$24.95 & \$374,724.05\\ 
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3001478}{Multiple range and multiple F tests.} & 15,047 & Paywall & \$14.00 & \$210,266.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.2448875}{Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase.} & 15,160 & Paywall & \$30.00 & \$454,800.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(71)90067-4}{The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory.} & 15,517 & Paywall & \$39.95 & \$619,904.15\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(85)90442-7}{Measurement of protein using bicinchoninic acid.} & 15,802 & Paywall & \$35.95 & \$568,081.90\\
\hline
\href{http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2346101?uid=3739256\&uid=2,129\&uid=2\&uid=70\&uid=4\&sid=21104904748827}{Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing.} & 15,898 & Paywall & \$29.00 & \$461,042.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1699114}{Equation of state calculations by fast computing machines.} & 15,902 & Paywall & \$30.00 & \$477,060.00\\
\hline
\href{http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2984875?uid=3739256\&uid=2\&uid=4\&sid=21104904748827}{Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via EM algorithm.} & 15,993 & Paywall & \$29.00 & \$463,797.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2836(82)90515-0}{A simple method for displaying the hydropathic character of a protein.} & 16,059 & Paywall & \$35.95 & \$577,321.05\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004}{An inventory for measuring depression.} & 16,264 & Paywall & \$30.00 & \$487,920.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00656997}{Improved patch-clamp techniques for high-resolution current recording from cells and cell-free membrane patches.} & 17,025 & Paywall & \$39.95 & \$680,148.75\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306}{The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population.} & 17,055 & Paywall & \$36.00 & \$613,980.00\\
\hline
\href{http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1215910/}{Study of the conditions and mechanism of the diphenylamine reaction for the colorimetric estimation of deoxyribonucleic acid.} & 17,067 & Paywall & & \\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.13.5188}{Special points for Brillouin-zone integrations.} & 17,087 & Paywall & \$25.00 & \$427,175.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108767390000277}{Phase annealing in SHELX-90: direct methods for larger structures.} & 17,728 & Paywall & \$40.00 & \$709,120.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.54.11169}{Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set.} & 18,856 & Paywall & \$25.00 & \$471,400.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2408678}{Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap} & 21,373 & Paywall & \$4.00 & \$85,492.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(83)90418-9}{A technique for radiolabeling DNA restriction endonuclease fragments to high specific activity.} & 21,446 & Paywall & \$35.95 & \$770,983.70\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.136.B864}{Inhomogeneous electron gas.} & 21,931 & Paywall & \$25.00 & \$548,275.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/J.1749-6632.1964.Tb14213.X}{Disc electrophoresis II. Method and application to human serum proteins.} & 22,074 & Paywall & \$38.00 & \$838,812.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/354056a0}{Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon.} & 22,899 & Paywall & \$32.00 & \$732,768.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(83)90303-4}{Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival application to proliferation and cyto-toxicity assays.} & 23,011 & Paywall & \$39.95 & \$919,289.45\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.140.A1133}{Self-consistent equations including exchange and correlation effects.} & 23,059 & Paywall & \$25.00 & \$576,475.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173}{The moderator mediator variable distinction in social psychological-research} & 23,356 & Paywall & \$11.95 & \$279,104.20\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/J.1749-6632.1949.Tb27297.X}{The attractions of proteins for small molecules and ions.} & 23,421 & Paywall & \$38.00 & \$889,998.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00591a005}{Isolation of biologically-active ribonucleic-acid from sources enriched in ribonuclease.} & 23,435 & Paywall & \$40.00 & \$937,400.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(86)90837-8}{Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement.} & 23,826 & Paywall & \$35.95 & \$856,544.70\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac60111a017}{Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances.} & 25,735 & Paywall & \$40.00 & \$1,029,400.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.38.3098}{Density-functional exchange-energy approximation with correct asymptotic-behavior.} & 26,475 & Paywall & \$25.00 & \$661,875.00\\
\hline
\href{http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2985181?uid=3739256\&uid=2\&uid=4\&sid=21104904748827}{Regression models and life-tables.} & 28,439 & Paywall & \$29.00 & \$824,731.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(97)76066-X}{Processing of X-ray diffraction data collected in oscillation mode.} & 28,647 & Paywall & \$31.50 & \$902,380.50\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0567739476001551}{Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides.} & 28,658 & Paywall & \$40.00 & \$1,146,320.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/meth.2001.1262}{Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(T)(-Delta Delta C) method.} & 28,870 & Paywall & \$39.95 & \$1,153,356.50\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2836(75)80083-0}{Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel-electrophoresis.} & 31,904 & Paywall & \$35.95 & \$1,146,948.80\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6}{Mini-mental state: A practical method for grading cognitive state of patients for clinician.} & 34,532 & Paywall & \$31.50 & \$1,087,758.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.3865}{Generalized gradient approximation made simple.} & 35,405 & Paywall & \$25.00 & \$885,125.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1962.tb08052.x}{A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures.} & 36,132 & Paywall & \$38.00 & \$1,373,016.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80360-2}{Basic local alignment search tool.} & 38,380 & Paywall & \$35.95\ & \$1,379,761.00\\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1958.10501452}{Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations.} & 38,600 & Paywall & \$41.00 & \$1,582,600.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.464913}{Density-functional thermochemistry. III. The role of exact exchange.} & 46,145 & Paywall & \$30.00 & \$1,384,350.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.37.785}{Development of the Colle-Salvetti correlation-energy formula into a functional of the electron density.} & 46,702 & Paywall & \$25.00 & \$1,167,550.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(87)90021-2}{Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction.} & 60,397 & Paywall & \$35.95 & \$2,171,272.15\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3}{A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding.} & 155,530 & Paywall & \$35.95 & \$5,591,303.50\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/227680a0}{Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4.} & 213,005 & Paywall & \$32.00 & \$6,816,160.00\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180}{MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models} & 12,209 & Open Access &\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p80-159}{Accurate spin-dependent electron liquid correlation energies for local spin-density calculations a critical analysis.} & 12,583 & Open Access &\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/7.6.1513}{Rapid alkaline extraction procedure for screening recombinant plasmid DNA.} & 12,721 & Open Access &\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/28.1.235}{The Protein Data Bank.} & 12,754 & Open Access &\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100785a001}{Van der Waals volumes and radii.} & 13,417 & Open Access &\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889891004399}{MOLSCRIPT: a program to produce both detailed and schematic plots of protein structures.} & 13,496 & Open Access &\\
\hline
\href{http://www.jbc.org/content/234/3/466.long}{Phosphorus assay in column chromatography.} & 13,523 & Open Access &\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00299a024}{The development and use of quantum-mechanical molecular-models. 76. AM1: a new general-purpose quantum-mechanical molecular-model} & 13,718 & Open Access &\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/29.4.6166661}{Use of avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) in immunoperoxidase techniques: a comparison between ABC and unlabeled antibody (PAP) procedures.} & 13,881 & Open Access &\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/14.9.817}{MODELTEST: Testing the model of DNA.} & 14,099 & Open Access &\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/12.1Part1.387}{A comprehensive set of sequence-analysis programs for the vax.} & 14,226 & Open Access &\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005650-199206000-00002}{The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36): I. Conceptual framework and item selection.} & 14,332 & Open Access &\\
\hline
\href{http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4179068}{Isolation of mononuclear cells and granulocytes from human blood.} & 14,934 & Open Access &\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1102896}{Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films.} & 15,022 & Open Access &\\
\hline
\href{http://www.clinchem.org/content/18/6/499.long}{Estimation of concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma} & 15,469 & Open Access &\\
\hline
\href{http://www.jbc.org/content/177/2/751.citation}{Determination of serum proteins by means of the biuret reaction.} & 16,009 & Open Access &\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56}{A rating scale for depression.} & 16,734 & Open Access &\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.34.7.939}{Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease.} & 17,220 & Open Access &\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0019-9958(65)90241-X}{Fuzzy sets.} & 18,203 & Open Access &\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msm092}{MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0.} & 18,286 & Open Access &\\
\hline
\href{http://www.jbc.org/content/250/10/4007.long}{High-resolution 2-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins.} & 18,489 & Open Access &\\
\hline
\href{http://www.jbc.org/content/260/6/3440.long}{A new generation of Ca2+ indicators with greatly improved fluorescence properties} & 19,561 & Open Access &\\
\hline
\href{http://www.jbc.org/content/66/2/375.citation}{The colorimetric determination of phosphorus.} & 22,690 & Open Access &\\
\hline
\href{http://www.jbc.org/content/244/16/4406}{Reliability of molecular weight determinations by dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.} & 23,642 & Open Access &\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/25.24.4876}{The CLUSTAL\_X Windows interface: Flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools.} & 24,098 & Open Access &\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.17.1.208}{Use of lead citrate at high pH as an electron-opaque stain in electron microscopy.} & 24,449 & Open Access &\\
\hline
\href{http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/4/4/406.long}{The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees.} & 30,176 & Open Access &\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o59-099}{A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification.} & 32,131 & Open Access &\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/25.17.3389}{Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: A new generation of protein database search programs.} & 36,410 & Open Access &\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108767307043930}{A short history of SHELX.} & 37,978 & Open Access &\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/22.22.4673}{Clustal W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting} & 40,289 & Open Access &\\
\hline
\href{http://www.jbc.org/content/226/1/497.long}{A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues.} & 45,131 & Open Access &\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.76.9.4350}{Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure and some applications.} & 53,349 & Open Access &\\
\hline
\href{http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/Pnas.74.12.5463}{DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors.} & 65,335 & Open Access &\\
\hline
\href{http://www.jbc.org/content/193/1/265.long}{Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent.} & 305,148 & Open Access &\\
\end{tabular}

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