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\begin{document}

\title{Peer J Article Template ~ ~ ~\\}


\author[ ]{Josh Nicholson}

\affil[ ]{}
\vspace{-1em}


\date{}

\begingroup
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\maketitle
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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
\textbf{Abstract}\\

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  No more than approx. 500 words (or 3,000 characters).\\
\item
  Headings in structured abstracts should be bold and followed by a
  period. Each heading should begin a new paragraph. For example:\\
  \textbf{Background.}~The background section text goes here. Next line
  for new section.\\
  \textbf{Methods.}~The methods section text goes here.\\
  \textbf{Results.}~The results section text goes here.\\
  \textbf{Discussion.}~The discussion section text goes here.\\
\end{itemize}%
\end{abstract}%



\section*{Introduction}\label{introduction}

\section*{Materials \& Methods}\label{materials-methods}

\section*{Results}\label{auto-label-section-913735}

\section*{Discussion}\label{auto-label-section-655209}

\section*{Conclusion}\label{auto-label-section-172992}

\section*{Acknowledgements}\label{auto-label-section-997651}

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  Should~\textbf{not}~be used to acknowledge funders -- that information
  will appear in a separate Funding Statement on the published paper.\\
\item
  As a matter of courtesy, we suggest you inform anyone whom you
  acknowledge.\\
\end{itemize}

\href{https://peerj.com/about/author-instructions/\#figures}{\textbf{Figures}~}\\

Check your figures with
the~\href{https://peerj.com/about/author-instructions/\#image-checks-modal}{Figure
and Table checks}\\

Please include the figure numbers in the figure filenames (e.g. ``Figure
1'' or ``Figure 2'').\\

A~Verify details button will display next to each file you upload.
Please use this button to verify details for every file. This may be as
simple as selecting the type of file you have uploaded (manuscript,
figure, table etc) or you may be required to enter a title and legend.\\

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  The~\textbf{Title}~is the `one sentence' title of a figure. Don't
  include ``Figure 1'', we add that for you.\\
\item
  The~\textbf{Legend}~is the `several sentence' description.\\
\end{itemize}

Figure and Table numbering is determined by the system based on the
ordering in which it appears on the file upload screen. You can re-order
them using drag and drop.\\

Figures can be submitted as EPS and PDF (for vector images), or PNG (for
lossless images) for initial review. If figures are provided as PDF for
initial review, high quality EPS or PNG files must be submitted at
revision for use in final publication.\\

Unnecessary white space should be eliminated around each figure \&
figure part.\\

Uniform fonts and font sizes should be used for labels (letter sizing
should be readable at `actual sized' reproduction - we suggest a
vertical height of 2 mm).\\

The panels of each multi-part figure should be arranged however the
figure is intended to be published and saved in a single file. Each part
should be labeled with an uppercase letter for each figure part (e.g.
Fig. 3C) and a single number for the whole figure group.\\

Minimum image size: 900 by 900 pixels.\\

These requirements ensure appropriate on-screen reproduction at an
acceptable size. However, there will also be an opportunity to provide
high-resolution versions of your images at revision.\\

Accepted and preferred file format\\

Use the original file format and image size whenever possible.\\

\textbf{Vector images(e.g. charts, diagrams):}\\

PDF (preferred)\\

EPS\\

PNG\\

\textbf{Raster/bitmap images(e.g. drawings, screenshots):}\\

PNG (preferred)\\

JPEG (photographs only)\\

PDF\\

EPS\\

Ideally at least 3000px wide.Must be over 900px\\

\href{https://peerj.com/about/author-instructions/\#tables}{\textbf{Tables}~}\\

Check your tables with
the~\href{https://peerj.com/about/author-instructions/\#image-checks-modal}{Figure
and Table checks}\\

\ldots{} can be submitted as .DOC (MS Word), .DOCX (MS Word), .ODT (Open
Doc). PDFs may be provided for initial review, text-based source files
must be provided at revision for use in final publication.\\

For clarity, the name of your uploaded files should include ``Table 1''
``Table 2'' etc.\\

A~\\
\hspace*{0.333em}Verify details\\
\hspace*{0.333em}button will display next to each file you upload.
Please use this button to verify details for every file. This may be as
simple as selecting the type of file you have uploaded (manuscript,
figure, table etc) or you may be required to enter a title and legend.\\

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  The~\textbf{Title}~is the `one sentence' title of a table. Don't
  include ``Table 1'', we add that for you.\\
\item
  The~\textbf{Legend}~is the `several sentence' description.\\
\end{itemize}

Cite tables in text as ``Table 1.'' ``Table 2.''\\

Include units in column and row headings, in parentheses.\\

Tables must fit in a single 21.6 x 28 cm page with 2.5 cm margins.\\

Place footnotes below the table; these may be used to explain
abbreviations.\\

Note that our system allows multiple files to be uploaded at once.\\

Accepted and preferred file formats\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}}
\toprule
\emph{}~\textbf{Tables} & DOCX (preferred), DOC, ODT; PDF for LaTeX
users\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\begin{itemize}
\item
  You must have appropriate permissions and attribute credit when
  reproducing copyrighted material included in your figures or tables.
  If any photographs, maps or images are taken from copyrighted
  material, we will need a copy of the permissions to publish under CC
  BY uploaded as a Supplemental File for our records and the source
  credit reference needs to be included in the figure
  legend.~\\[2\baselineskip]Referencing examples:~\\[2\baselineskip]

\begin{verbatim}
Photo credit: San Diego Zoo Global.
\end{verbatim} 

\begin{verbatim}
Photo credit: Ali Smith.
\end{verbatim} 

\begin{verbatim}
Image credit: the MESH archive at http://ondemand.nssl.noaa.gov
\end{verbatim} 

\begin{verbatim}
3D model credit: Ishmael Kreill
\end{verbatim} 

\begin{verbatim}
Map data \selectlanguage{ngerman}© 2016 Google
\end{verbatim} 
\item
  Please upload a signed photography/video permission letter for any
  copyrighted content created by non-named-authors.\\
  \href{https://d2pdyyx74uypu5.cloudfront.net/docs/Photo-Video-Permission-Letter.doc}{~Download
  photo/video permission letter (.doc)}\\[3\baselineskip]
\item
  To publish figures including identifiable human subjects, you must
  have appropriate written consent from the human subject and permission
  from the image-owner or photographer to publish the image in PeerJ
  under CC BY. If the human subject is a minor and could not legally
  consent, the consent must have been given by the parent or guardian.
  Both the consent and permission to publish should both be uploaded as
  a Supplemental File for our records and the photo credit reference
  needs to be included in the figure
  legend.~\\[2\baselineskip]Example:~\\[2\baselineskip]

\begin{verbatim}
I [name] give [photographer / researcher name] permission to use my image for research and for publication.
\end{verbatim} 
\end{itemize}

\href{https://peerj.com/about/author-instructions/\#latex}{\textbf{TeX /
LaTeX users}~}\\

\ldots{} since our system cannot convert .tex files, we ask that you
upload a PDF that you have generated yourself as the manuscript. Then
upload the source tex files as ``Latex source files'' in the Primary
file category.\\

\href{https://peerj.com/about/author-instructions/\#data-and-materials}{\textbf{Data
and Materials}}\\

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  All authors are responsible for making materials, code, raw data and
  associated protocols relevant to the submission available without
  delay.\\
\item
  Please ensure that all relevant datasets, code, images and information
  are available in one of the following possible ways and provide a link
  to the appropriate location: uploaded as Supplemental Files, deposited
  in a public repository, or hosted in a publicly accessible
  database.~\textbf{There are very few circumstances in which we can
  accept a manuscript without raw
  data}~(\href{https://peerj.com/about/author-instructions/\#preparing-submission}{see
  point 4 in `Preparing your submission'}).\\
\end{itemize}

\href{https://peerj.com/about/author-instructions/\#supplemental-information}{\textbf{Supplemental
Information (SI)}~~~~~~~}\\

\ldots{} SI files are published as links alongside the article, which
point to downloadable files. These files do not form an integral part of
the manuscript and may include supplemental information or important
data which are too large for inclusion in the main manuscript. As they
are provided as `original' files, readers will need to be able to open
them using their own resources. Therefore to ensure widest compatibility
you should utilize common file types and avoid proprietary formats.\\

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  All files should be named as a ``Supplemental {[}Item{]}
  S{[}number{]}''. Please include a brief descriptive title and legend
  in the metadata when uploading the file.\\
\item
  In total, all Supplemental Files should not exceed 50 MB (if more
  space is needed, please contact us). Individual files should not
  exceed 30 MB.\\
\item
  Note that our system allows multiple files to be uploaded at once.\\
\item
  If it's necessary to cite Supplemental Information files in the text,
  use the following style: Fig. S1, Table S1, Data S1, Video S1, Article
  S1, Audio S1.\\
\item
  If the Supplemental Files are only intended for review purposes and
  cannot be published, please upload the files as~\textbf{review-only
  info}~from the drop down menu in the Supplemental Files section.\\
\end{itemize}

For maximum compatibility, we suggest that you submit Supplemental
Information using the following formats:\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}ll@{}}
\toprule
\emph{}~Supplemental Figures & Submit as JPG (use maximum quality
settings), EPS (for vector images), or PNG (for lossless
images).\tabularnewline
\emph{}~Supplemental Tables & Submit as PDF, DOC, Excel, RTF or TeX /
LaTeX files.\tabularnewline
\emph{}~Supplemental Articles & Submit as PDF.\tabularnewline
\emph{}~Supplemental Videos & Submit as AVI, MOV, and MP4 files. For
widest compatibility, we suggest authors provide video files as 128
kbit/s AAC audio and 480p H.264 video in an MPEG-4 (mp4) format.
Regardless of format submitted, authors should double check that their
videos open and play in recent versions of both QuickTime and Windows
Media Player.\tabularnewline
\emph{}~Supplemental Audio & Submit as WAV or MP3 files. Please include
a legend. Ensure that the files open and play in common audio players
such as iTunes or Windows Media Player.\tabularnewline
\emph{}~Large Supplemental Data sets & Submit in a compressed format
(e.g. zip or tar.gz).\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\subsection*{\texorpdfstring{\href{https://peerj.com/about/author-instructions/\#style-considerations}{Style
Considerations}\\
}{Style Considerations }}\label{style-considerations}

\href{https://peerj.com/about/author-instructions/\#units-symbols-style}{\textbf{Units,
Symbols, Mathematics, Abbreviations}}

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  Where possible and appropriate, use
  the~\href{http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP330/sp330.pdf}{International
  System of Units.~}\\
\item
  Use discipline specific (non-SI) units only where they are widely
  adopted within the field.\\
\item
  Symbols should be used in lieu of abbreviations for mathematical
  expressions \& defined at first use.\\
\item
  Spell out the numbers 1-9 unless used with units.\\
\end{itemize}

\href{https://peerj.com/about/author-instructions/\#manuscript-text-style}{\textbf{Manuscript
Text}}

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  Submissions which will result in a final typeset manuscript greater
  than 45 pages may incur an additional service charge to cover
  production costs. If you have a manuscript of this extent then please
  email~\href{mailto:editor@peerj.com}{\nolinkurl{editor@peerj.com}}~to
  discuss.\\
\item
  Articles must be written in clear, unambiguous English for an
  international audience.\\
\item
  The established norms of academic writing within your field should be
  followed.\\
\item
  Either English or American spelling is acceptable provided it is
  consistently used throughout.\\
\item
  Nomenclature: Biological \& medical nomenclature should adhere to
  recognized guidelines set forth by international committee regulations
  or authoritative bodies for specific fields, as applicable.\\
\end{itemize}

\href{https://peerj.com/about/author-instructions/\#figure-style}{\textbf{Figures}}

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  Image Manipulation: Figures should only be (minimally) processed or
  manipulated in order to add labels, arrows, or to change contrast or
  brightness if applied to the entire image as well as the controls.
  They should not be adjusted in any way that could lead to
  misinterpretation of the information in the original image.
  Unprocessed figure files and data must be retained for editorial
  review upon request. The descriptions of changes, hardware and
  software used to take images and make adjustments must also be
  provided. Inappropriate figure manipulation is grounds for article
  retraction and/or reporting to institutional oversight boards.\\
\item
  ``Figure'' refers to all images such as graphs, charts, line drawings
  and photographs. When citing figures in the text, the abbreviation
  ``Fig.'' should be used. If the citation is the beginning of the
  sentence, use the full word ``Figure'' instead.\\
\item
  All figures must be cited in the main text.\\
\item
  Ideally legends should not be included in your image files. However
  legends in images are accepted for initial review, when the legend is
  placed below the image. For revisions, legends in images are not
  accepted. Single file submissions should include legends in the
  manuscript text alongside the figure. Multi-file submissions require
  legends to be entered manually using the `Details needed' button, and
  should not be included in the manuscript text.\\
\item
  Figure legends should be self contained and clearly describe the
  figure and its contents.\\
\item
  The graphical area of a figure should include information about
  scales, abbreviations, limits, etc.\\
\item
  When submitting photographs as figures please indicate the identity of
  the photographer. If the photographer is not one of the co-authors,
  please upload a supplemental document with permission from the
  photographer allowing you to publish the image under a CC BY
  license.\\
\item
  If you use a map as a figure please cite the source of the map.
  Wherever possible, use map services which allow unrestricted re-use.
  If you must use Google Earth or Google Maps then in order to
  accurately attribute a map from Google, we need to know the
  third-party data providers cited with the
  map:~\href{http://www.google.com/permissions/geoguidelines/attr-guide.html}{find
  out how}.\\
\item
  When creating figures and images consider the accessibility of your
  chosen color schemes to those with non-normal color vision. Wherever
  possible avoid using color alone to distinguish between parts of
  images. When color is used, we suggest that you consult the following
  resources to ensure maximum
  accessibility:~\href{http://jfly.iam.u-tokyo.ac.jp/color/index.html}{J*FLY},~\href{https://www.mapbox.com/tilemill/docs/guides/tips-for-color/}{Mapbox}~and~\href{http://colorbrewer2.org/}{ColorBrewer}.\\
\end{itemize}

\href{https://peerj.com/about/author-instructions/\#lennean-binomials}{\textbf{Linnean
Binomials}}

\begin{itemize}
\tightlist
\item
  Authors are encouraged to provide taxonomic authors of Linnean
  binomials when first used in the text, particularly for taxa that are
  the focus of the paper in question. Where several taxa are named,
  citation of taxonomic authors in Tables is regarded as an adequate
  substitute for citation in the body of the text. Authors of zoological
  names should consist of initials plus full surnames, whereas authors
  of botanical names should be abbreviated following Brummitt \&
  Powell's (1992) `Authors of plant names'. In either case, binomials
  carrying more than three authors should be abbreviated to `et al.'
  subsequent to the name of the third author.\\
\end{itemize}

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