A multi-marker fish eDNA metabarcoding study comparing Illumina and
Nanopore high-throughput sequencing platforms
Abstract
Technological developments are a great advantage for biodiversity
monitoring, if they are cross-validated with established protocols
before their routine application. In the context of fish communities’
characterization, portable sequencers such as Oxford Nanopore Technology
(ONT)’s MinION devices have the power to revolutionise field surveys
through eDNA metabarcoding. However, Nanopore’s raw reads high error
rates can disincentivise its use when compared to Illumina sequencers.
Here, three sequencing protocols (two for Nanopore and one for Illumina)
targeting short and long regions of two mitochondrial genes (12S and
COI) were compared using fish mock communities and environmental DNA
samples from mesocosm and field environments. Raw read quality, species
richness detected, and taxonomic resolution of the platforms and genes
were assessed. The latest Nanopore chemistry was comparable to Illumina
for number of species retrieved, however discrepancies in species
detected were observed between platforms and genes. Long amplicons
provided higher taxonomic resolution compared to the short fragments.
The 12S markers outperformed COI by detecting a higher number of
species, while a multi-marker approach increased overall species
richness in most cases. Sequencing technologies and primer selection can
have significant impacts on fish eDNA metabarcoding results. Given its
high specificity and taxonomic resolution, the long 12S region is
presented as a promising marker for long-read metabarcoding. The latest
Nanopore sequencing technology successfully profiled fish communities
from mock and eDNA samples and due to its portability, quick turn-around
time and reduced costs provides an innovative tool to conduct field-base
studies.