Usability of hand-held devices with an electrochemical sensor to
determine nasal nitric oxide in clinical routine
Abstract
Background: Nasal nitric oxide (nNO) is an established
screening tool for primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). Customary
chemoluminescence-based analyzers preclude large-scale screening for
PCD. Portable devices with electrochemical sensors have not been
clinically validated. Objective: To compare test success and
nNO levels between a chemoluminescence analyzer (CLD88 sp
®) and a portable device (NIOX MINO
®) in clinical routine, and to assess whether a tidal
breathing velum-closure (TBVC) technique increases test success.
Methods: Measurements were performed in children ≥3 years using
a conventional single-breath maneuver against an expiratory resistance
(ER) for CLD88, and a breath-hold (BH) technique for NIOX. TBVC was
evaluated for both devices. Results: 120 children referred for
investigation of respiratory symptoms were included (median age 9.9 yrs,
range 3.1–18.5). For conventional breathing techniques, test success
increased from preschool age (CLD88 10% and NIOX 3.3%) to adolescence
(87.5% and 65%). TBVC increased test success for both devices
(preschoolers 80% and 70% vs adolescents 97.5% and 97.5%;
p<0.001 for all age groups). Median nNO was higher for CLD88
with 263.3 nL/min (ER) and 283.7 nL/min (TBVC) compared to NIOX with
214.5 nL/min (BH) and 208.1 nL/min (TBVC) (p=0.013 and p<0.001).
Conclusion: Test success is low when conventional breathing
techniques are applied, especially in younger ages, but can be increased
by TBVC. Nasal NO levels are lower for electrochemical sensor devices
compared to chemoluminescence analyzers with no difference between
conventional and TBVC methods, without clinical relevance. These
findings support using portable analyzers with TBVC as a promising
screening tool for PCD.