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\author[1]{Meng Sun}%
\author[1]{Dongqi Shi}%
\author[1]{Jingjing Pan}%
\author[1]{Xiaofei Zhang}%
\author[1]{Yide Wang}%
\author[1]{H C So}%
\affil[1]{Affiliation not available}%


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  \date{April 24, 2026}


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\begin{abstract}
tracking based positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) with low Earth
orbit (LEO) satellites has attracted considerable attention. However, as
LEO satellites are not dedicated for PNT, we cannot obtain the crucial
information, such as signals structure and clock synchronization from
the LEO signals of opportunity (SOPs), bringing challenges to Doppler
LEO-PNT. Moreover, Doppler signal acquisition is time-consuming, which
implies that real-time target localization is not allowed. In this
paper, LEO-PNT is studied from passive source localization point of
view. A reduced-dimension MUSIC (RD-MUSIC) with uniform circular array
(UCA) is proposed for target localization using LEO SOPs. UCA is adopted
because it offers uniform coverage in all directions, resulting in
highly effective signal detection from any angle-of-arrival.
Additionally, both odd and even numbers of antenna elements are
investigated. The devised method employs one-dimensional (1-D) search,
and then establishes equations from which the target's coordinates can
be solved in a computationally attractive manner. The efficiency and
reliability of our RD-MUSIC are demonstrated via numerical simulations,
where the data are generated by the systems tool kit (STK) of Analytical
Graphics.%
\end{abstract}%



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