Plants are constantly exposed to various abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures, significantly impacting their growth, development, and productivity. To cope with these challenges, plants have evolved intricate signaling pathways mediated by phytohormones, including abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), and brassinosteroids (BR). These hormones regulate stress responses by activating specific transcription factors, protein kinases, antioxidant systems, and other downstream effectors. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms underlying these pathways, emphasizing the interplay between phytohormones and their roles in modulating stress tolerance. By integrating recent findings, this paper provides insights into the potential biotechnological applications for enhancing plant resilience to environmental stresses.
