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\title{3D-FLOW OPRA for Level-1 Trigger: A Breakthrough Invention Capable of
Extracting ALL Valuable Information from~Radiation Providing a Very
Powerful Tool to Discover New Particles, Reduce HEP~Costs, Advance
Science and Benefit Humanity}



\author[1]{Dario Crosetto}%
\affil[1]{Affiliation not available}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{April 24, 2026}


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\begin{abstract}
The 3D-Flow OPRA Level-1 Trigger system is capable of extracting ALL
valuable information from radiation, which can save taxpayers millions
of dollars in HEP experiments. Unlike the traditional Level-1 Trigger
algorithm implementation in ``cabled-logic'', or the CERN-CMS approach
of executing 128 algorithms, or the costly lower performant FPGA
approach, the 3D-Flow architecture allows the execution of billions of
different algorithms like a generic processor but has the advantage over
any Pentium, Hypercube, or other processor/architecture in that it can
execute specialized instructions (or ``OPRA steps'' for an optimized
Object Pattern Real-Time Recognition Algorithm) to identify particles
with the capability to execute at each ``step'' up to 26 operations in
less than 3 ns. The 3D-Flow performance is further increased by its
bypass switch and North East West South communication channels with
neighbors. The 3D-Flow pyramid provides reduction from thousands of
input channels to one or a few output channels. A 3D-Flow system with
10,485 Gbps input bandwidth, 8,192 electronic input channels, 43,000 x
3D-Flow processors and the capability to execute up to 40 ``OPRA steps''
on each processor is technology-independent, feasible in a 36 cm cube of
electronics consuming less than 5 kW at a cost of less than \$10.70 per
channel. The 3D-Flow conceptual design allows the input data rate and
the complexity of the real-time algorithm to increase satisfying the
most stringent requirements, and can be used for tracking applications.
It was proven feasible and functional in hardware using two FPGA chips
in 2001 and two modular electronic boards in 2003, suitable to build
3D-Flow systems for detectors of any size. The inventor has faced many
adversities and suppressions that have delayed its implementation. This
caused a monetary burden on taxpayers and curbed the advancement of
science that calls for an investigation to fix science as stated in the
October 2018 issue of Scientific American.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy


\section*{Introduction}

{\label{874460}}

The verifiable 3D-Flow OPRA Level-1 Trigger System {[}1{]}, {[}2{]}
capable of extracting ALL valuable information from radiation at the
lowest cost per valid signal captured can replace many crates of
electronics of the current experiments at CERN with a single crate,
providing a much more powerful system and a staggering increase in
performance at a much lower cost.~ The proposal also details the
verifiable capabilities of not only checking the functionality and
performance of the 3D-Flow system but also whether the electronics
installed in the detector at CERN (or other site) are working properly
by recording the trigger raw data at the LHC bunch-crossing rate and
analyzing whether each of the 8,192 channels provide the expected value.
This feature is also important for the calibration of all parts of the
instruments (CMS, Atlas, etc.). This is essential to avoid discrepancies
in data such as the Higgs boson-like particle whose energy was recorded
as 125.3 GeV and 126.5 GeV in different experiments.

\par\null

\section*{\texorpdfstring{Review process ``Detection \& Imaging
Technology''}{Review process Detection \& Imaging Technology}}

{\label{507127}}

The 3D-Flow OPRA shows superiority in efficiency and cost-effectiveness
to any other approach in High Energy Physics applications {[}3{]},
{[}4{]} and in Medical Imaging applications {[}5{]} and can prove it by
comparing the 17 answers of the following questionnaire
on~\emph{Detection and Imaging Technology} for the Detection of unknown
particles in HEP. The 20 projects claiming highest performance and
cost-effectiveness in this form should be called for a public debate to
support their claims, including Q\&A among themselves and the top-level
expert reviewers:

1.~Total \# of physical channels: \textbf{8192}

2.~System Input bandwidth (Gbps): \textbf{10485}

3.~Are the \# of output channels flexible? \textbf{YES}

4.~Time to execute an algorithm step in nanoseconds: \textbf{2.5}

5.~Can it execute CMS, ATLAS and PET algorithms to detect particles
/photons? \textbf{YES}

6.~How many steps (each step can execute up to 26 operations) are
required to execute CMS, Atlas, L-1 Triggers (40MHz-16bit-IN), first
part of the algorithm of pedestal subtraction, local maxima, total
energy, centroid calculation (x,y coord)? \textbf{14}

7.~Provide two examples of Algorithms: \textbf{page 114 and 116 of
(}\href{https://goo.gl/ggGGwF}{\textbf{goo.gl/ggGGwF}}\textbf{)}

8.~\# of additional programmable steps available: \textbf{26}

9.~Cost per physical channel in Euros: \textbf{10.7}

10.~Cost of the system in Euros: \textbf{87500}

11.~Power consumption in kW: \textbf{\textless{}5}

12.~Dimensions of the electronics in cm: \textbf{36x36x36}

13.~Can be used in HEP Tracking applications? \textbf{YES}

14.~Does the conceptual design allow to increase the input data rate?
\textbf{YES}

15.~Does the conceptual design allow to increase the \# of additional
steps of the algorithm? \textbf{YES}

16.~Is the system modular and scalable? \textbf{YES}

17.~To prove reproducibility of results and performance, do you consider
it fair to test the HEP system by receiving data in real time from a
ER/DSU unit that were recorded from LHC? \textbf{YES}

\par\null

\section*{References}

{\label{892255}}

{[}1{]}. Crosetto D. NIM-Sec. A, vol. 436, (1999) pp.341-385.
\href{https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BxWfo2ViJ6r5NlVSWHhoTl9jZXc/view?usp=sharing}{goo.gl/bqhD4R}{}

{[}2{]}. Crosetto D. Complete design \& implementation
~(\href{https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BxWfo2ViJ6r5MlpkbUpjbEIybUk/view?usp=sharing}{goo.gl/w3XlZ1}){}

{[}3{]} Crosetto D. Response to IEEE-NPSS Short URL
\href{https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BxWfo2ViJ6r5eWZabVlQSkk3dDg/view?usp=sharing}{goo.gl/XPNHh7}~~~~~~~~

{[}4{]} Crosetto D. Response to CMS Spokesperson
\href{https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BxWfo2ViJ6r5c25sYmh1SnJTa00/view?usp=sharing}{goo.gl/EU9qGQ},

{[}5{]}. Johnson J, Crosetto D. Focus Daily News, 10/22/2017.
\href{https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BxWfo2ViJ6r5U2pwTGdheDU3dVU/view?usp=sharing}{goo.gl/EJD9yU}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/figure-IEEE-N-29-01/figure-IEEE-N-29-01}
\caption{{The inventor refuted with scientific evidence the rejection claims by
the 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 IEEE reviewers
{[}3{]}, {[}4{]}, however, no scientific calculations, evidence, or
proofs were provided by the reviewers to support their rejection
claims.~
{\label{472272}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

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