As before, taking into account the role of population size changes the story substantially. When we plot the number of medals per million citizens vs the number of publications per thousand citizens, we see that during an olympic year there is roughly one Olympic medal for every 1000 papers published. Top right quadrant of the graph below is useful to identify the true overachievers of the 'research olympics', with a very high specific output of both medals and publications: New Zealand, Denmark, Australia and The Netherlands.