Cell culture and treatment
Human trophoblast cell lines (HTR-8/SVneo and JEG-3 cells) were acquired from Fudan IBS Cell Center (China). These cells were maintained in either RPMI-1640 or Ham’s F-12 medium enriched with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and an antibiotic-antimycotic cocktail (100 U/mL penicillin (Solarbio, China) or 100 mg/mL streptomycin (Solarbio, China)) under a 5% CO2 humidified atmosphere at 37°C. To simulate severe hypoxic conditions, the cells were plated at a density of 60 mm. After a 24-h period, they were placed in a NAPCO Series 8000WJ incubator (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) under 1% O2 and 5% CO2 at 37°C for 48 h. HEK293T cells were cultured