Multifunctionality is known to evolve during primary ecosystem succession, for instance, after glacier retreat. Yet, what exactly trigger an increase in multifunctionality as ecosystem develops is less understood. Here we evaluated the contribution of soil multitrophic richness, functional composition and biotic coupling of food webs as predictors of soil multifunctionality (14 functions for nutrient stocks and biomass accumulation) in a well-characterized 120-year chronosequence of glacier retreat. Our results indicated that the tightness of soil food web coupling increased during primary succession and strongly co-occurred with changes in soil multifunctionality. Furthermore, the shifts in energy and nutrient fluxes served as the fundamental links between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Thus, multitrophic diversity facets, including taxonomic richness and functional composition, as well as food web coupling for energy and nutrients orchestrated soil multifunctionality development. Our work provides a comprehensive perspective for elucidating the multitrophic diversity and multifunctionality changes during the first stages of ecosystem development in a context of global warming.