Figures:
Figure 1 . Clock Drawing test (A and B) and Brain MRI (C) of Case 1.
The position of the number on the clock is somewhat diagonal, with the number 6 (arrow) inclined roughly 30 degrees clockwise. B) The subsequent Clock Drawing assessment revealed a more streamlined clock design over nine months. (C) Axial FLAIR and Diffusion-Weighted MRI scans showed increased brightness in the subcortical white matter (Fazekas grade 2) and slight enlargement of the ventricles, with no signs of restricted diffusion.
References:
1. Jones SV, O’brien J. The prevalence and incidence of dementia with Lewy bodies: a systematic review of population and clinical studies. Psychological medicine. 2014;44(4):673-83.2. Walker Z, Medicine DG, Stevens T. Dementia with Lewy bodies: clinical characteristics and diagnostic criteria. Journal of geriatric psychiatry and neurology. 2002;15(4):188-94.3. Sierra-Hidalgo F, de Pablo-Fernández E, Herrero-San Martín A, Correas-Callero E, Herreros-Rodríguez J, Romero-Muñoz J, et al. Clinical and imaging features of the room tilt illusion. Journal of neurology. 2012;259:2555-64.4. Heyrani R, Sarabi-Jamab A, Grafman J, Asadi N, Soltani S, Mirfazeli FS, et al. Limits on using the clock drawing test as a measure to evaluate patients with neurological disorders. BMC neurology. 2022;22(1):509.5. Kantarci K, Boeve BF, Przybelski SA, Lesnick TG, Chen Q, Fields J, et al. FDG PET metabolic signatures distinguishing prodromal DLB and prodromal AD. NeuroImage: Clinical. 2021;31:102754.6. Seidel K, Mahlke J, Siswanto S, Krüger R, Heinsen H, Auburger G, et al. The brainstem pathologies of Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Brain pathology. 2015;25(2):121-35.7. Fattal D, Wattiez AS, St Louis E, Gonzalez‐Otarula K, Sainju R. Room tilt illusion in epilepsy. Epileptic disorders. 2021;23(6):901-5.8. Cochen V, Arnulf I, Demeret S, Neulat M, Gourlet V, Drouot X, et al. Vivid dreams, hallucinations, psychosis and REM sleep in Guillain–Barré syndrome. Brain. 2005;128(11):2535-45.9. Yap JA. Upside-down vision: a systematic review of the literature. BMJ Neurology Open. 2022;4(2).10. Bronstein A, Perennou D, Guerraz M, Playford D, Rudge P. Dissociation of visual and haptic vertical in two patients with vestibular nuclear lesions. Neurology. 2003;61(9):1260-2.11. Hayashi R, Yamaguchi S, Katsumata Y, Mimura M. Room tilt illusion in Parkinson’s disease: Loss of spatial reference frames? Journal of the neurological sciences. 2009;287(1-2):264-6.12. Nakata T, Shimada K, Iba A, Oda H, Terashima A, Koide Y, et al. Differential diagnosis of MCI with Lewy bodies and MCI due to Alzheimer’s disease by visual assessment of occipital hypoperfusion on SPECT images. Japanese Journal of Radiology. 2024;42(3):308-18.13. Van der Stigchel S, Nijboer T, Bergsma D, Barton J, Paffen C. Measuring palinopsia: Characteristics of a persevering visual sensation from cerebral pathology. Journal of the neurological sciences. 2012;316(1-2):184-8.14. Onomura H, Shimizu T, Kobayashi R, Suzuki J, Nakai N, Okuda S, et al. Palinopsia as an initial symptom of cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation. Eneurologicalsci. 2021;25.15. Gersztenkorn D, Lee AG. Palinopsia revamped: a systematic review of the literature. Survey of ophthalmology. 2015;60(1):1-35.16. Yun SH, Lavin PJ, Schatz MP, Lesser RL. Topiramate-induced palinopsia: a case series and review of the literature. Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology. 2015;35(2):148-51.17. Stafuzza C, Landis T, Guyot J-P. Palinopsia following acute unilateral partial vestibular deafferentation: a case report. Frontiers in neurology. 2018;9:409520.18. Watanabe H, Uchiyama M, Yokoi K, Mamiya Y, Narita W, Iizuka O, et al. Behavioral and neural correlates of pareidolic illusions in dementia with Lewy bodies. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2023;113:105513.19. D’Antonio F, Teghil A, Boccia M, Bechi Gabrielli G, Giulietti G, Conti D, et al. Distinct grey and white matter changes are associated with the phenomenology of visual hallucinations in Lewy Body Disease. Scientific Reports. 2024;14(1):14748.20. Vitale C, Marcelli V, Furia T, Santangelo G, Cozzolino A, Longo K, et al. Vestibular impairment and adaptive postural imbalance in parkinsonian patients with lateral trunk flexion. Movement Disorders. 2011;26(8):1458-63.