This research delves into the thermal performance characteristics of basalt fiber-reinforced polyester composites, emphasizing their potential for advanced engineering applications. The study systematically varies the fiber volume fraction across a range from 6.667% to 33.35% to assess its impact on thermal conductivity. Experimental evaluations were performed to measure the thermal properties, which were subsequently validated through simulation analyses using Digi-mat software, ensuring the reliability and accuracy of the findings. Results demonstrate a consistent positive correlation between the fiber content and the thermal conductivity of the composites, attributed to the intrinsic thermal properties of basalt fibers and their effective distribution within the polyester matrix. The enhanced thermal performance, coupled with the material’s inherent mechanical strength and environmental benefits, positions these composites as promising candidates for sustainable solutions in sectors such as construction, automotive, and aerospace. The study not only highlights the advantages of u