not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown Traditional fossil identification relies on the rich experience and knowledge of paleontologists, and existing intelligent identification methods mainly rely on deep learning to train on a large number of fossil graphic samples achieve a high degree of precision. In order to solve the above problems, and still be able to accurately recognize small samples of rare fossils, we try to use the Generative Adversarial Network GAN combined with neural network method, which is applied to the identification of small samples of fossils. First of all, the generator of GAN is fully trained, using it to generate a large number of samples to expand the dataset, enriching the image features extracted by the model, and then through the neural network to analyze the image abstraction computation, and finally the best fossil identification model is trained through multiple iterations. Using the method of this paper on the same dataset with a data enhancement method for comparison experiments, the experimental results show that the accuracy rate reaches 91.3% in the case of rounds 20, higher than the other experimental results, and has a significant advantage in the recognition of fossils with scarce samples.