5 | LITERATURE CITED
Arnemo, J. M., & Evans, A. L. (2017). Biomedical protocols for free-ranging brown bears, wolves, wolverines and lynx. Innland Norway University of Applied Sciences, January, 1–18.
Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2014). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software , 67 . https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01
Beck, C., Rea, L., Iverson, S., Kennish, J., Pitcher, K., & Fadely, B. (2007). Blubber fatty acid profiles reveal regional, seasonal, age-class and sex differences in the diet of young Steller sea lions in Alaska. Marine Ecology Progress Series , 338 , 269–280. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps338269
Bjerke, J. W., Rune Karlsen, S., Arild Høgda, K., Malnes, E., Jepsen, J. U., Lovibond, S., Vikhamar-Schuler, D., & Tømmervik, H. (2014). Record-low primary productivity and high plant damage in the Nordic Arctic Region in 2012 caused by multiple weather events and pest outbreaks.Environmental Research Letters , 9 , 084006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/8/084006
Borchert, M., & Tyler, C. M. (2011). Desiccation sensitivity and heat tolerance of Prunus ilicifolia seeds dispersed by American black bears (Ursus americanus ). Western North American Naturalist , 70 , 457–466. https://doi.org/10.3398/064.070.0405
Burnham, K. P., & Anderson, D. R. (2002). Model Selection and Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach. InThe Journal of Wildlife Management (Second). https://doi.org/10.2307/3803117
Chamberlain, C. P., Waldbauer, J. R., Fox-Dobbs, K., Newsome, S. D., Koch, P. L., Smiths, D. R., & Church, M. E. (2005). Pleistocene to recent dietary shifts in California condors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 102 , 16707–16711. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0508529102
Clauss, M., Kleffner, H., & Kienzle, E. (2010). Carnivorous mammals: Nutrient digestibility and energy evaluation.Zoo Biology , 29 , 687–704. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.20302
Davis, M., & Pineda‐Munoz, S. (2016). The temporal scale of diet and dietary proxies. Ecology and Evolution , 6 , 1883–1897. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2054
Deacy, W. W., Armstrong, J. B., Leacock, W. B., Robbins, C. T., Gustine, D. D., Ward, E. J., Erlenbach, J. A., & Stanford, J. A. (2017). Phenological synchronization disrupts trophic interactions between Kodiak brown bears and salmon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 114, 10432–10437. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1705248114
Edwards, M. A., Derocher, A. E., Hobson, K. A., Branigan, M., & Nagy, J. A. (2011). Fast carnivores and slow herbivores: Differential foraging strategies among grizzly bears in the Canadian Arctic. Oecologia , 165 , 877–889. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-010-1869-9
Farley, S. D., & Robbins, C. T. (1995). Lactation, hibernation, and mass dynamics of American black bears and grizzly bears. Canadian Journal of Zoology , 73 , 2216–2222. https://doi.org/10.1139/z95-262
Felicetti, L. A., Schwartz, C. C., Rye, R. O., Haroldson, M. A., Gunther, K. A., Phillips, D. L., & Robbins, C. T. (2003). Use of sulfur and nitrogen stable isotopes to determine the importance of whitebark pine nuts to Yellowstone grizzly bears. Canadian Journal of Zoology ,81 , 763–770. https://doi.org/10.1139/z03-054
Gallinat, A. S., Primack, R. B., & Wagner, D. L. (2015). Autumn, the neglected season in climate change research. Trends in Ecology & Evolution , 30 , 169–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2015.01.004
García-Rodríguez, A., Selva, N., Zwijacz-Kozica, T., Albrecht, J., Lionnet, C., Rioux, D., Taberlet, P., & De Barba, M. (2021). The bear-berry connection: Ecological and management implications of brown bears’ food habits in a highly touristic protected area. Biological Conservation, 264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109376
Gittleman, J. L. (2013). Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution. In J. L. Gittleman (Ed.), Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution. Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4716-4
Gutgesell, M. K., McCann, K. S., Gellner, G., Cazelles, K., Greyson-Gaito, C. J., Bieg, C., Guzzo, M. M., Warne, C. P. K., Ward, C. A., O’Connor, R. F., Scott, A. M., Graham, B. C., Champagne, E. J., & McMeans, B. C. (2022). On the dynamic nature of omnivory in a changing world. BioScience, 72 , 416–430. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biab144
Harrer, L. E. F., & Levi, T. (2018). The primacy of bears as seed dispersers in salmon‐bearing ecosystems.Ecosphere, 9 . https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2076
Hertel, A. G., Bischof, R., Langval, O., Mysterud, A., Kindberg, J., Swenson, J. E., & Zedrosser, A. (2018). Berry production drives bottom-up effects on body mass and reproductive success in an omnivore. Oikos , 127 , 197–207. https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.04515
Hertel, A. G., Steyaert, S. M. J. G., Zedrosser, A., Mysterud, A., Lodberg-Holm, H. K., Gelink, H. W., Kindberg, J., & Swenson, J. E. (2016). Bears and berries: species-specific selective foraging on a patchily distributed food resource in a human-altered landscape. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 70(6), 831–842. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-016-2106-2
Hertel, A. G., Zedrosser, A., Kindberg, J., Langvall, O., & Swenson, J. E. (2019). Fluctuating mast production does not drive Scandinavian brown bear behavior. Journal of Wildlife Management , 83 657–668. https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21619
Hilderbrand, G. V., Farley, S. D., Robbins, C. T., Hanley, T. A., Titus, K., & Servheen, C. (1996). Use of stable isotopes to determine diets of living and extinct bears. Canadian Journal of Zoology , 74 , 2080–2088. https://doi.org/10.1139/z96-236
Homkes, A. T., Gable, T. D., Windels, S. K., & Bump, J. K. (2020). Berry important? Wolf provisions pups with berries in Northern Minnesota. Wildlife Society Bulletin , 44 , 221–223. https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.1065
Kalén, C., Andrén, H., Månsson, J., & Sand, H. (2022). Using citizen data in a population model to estimate population size of moose (Alces alces ). Ecological Modelling , 471 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.110066
Koehler, G., Kardynal, K. J., & Hobson, K. A. (2019). Geographical assignment of polar bears using multi-element isoscapes. Scientific Reports , 9 , 9390. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45874-w
Kratina, P., LeCraw, R. M., Ingram, T., & Anholt, B. R. (2012). Stability and persistence of food webs with omnivory: Is there a general pattern? Ecosphere ,3, art50. https://doi.org/10.1890/es12-00121.1
Leigh, S. C., Papastamatiou, Y. P., & German, D. P. (2018). Seagrass digestion by a notorious ‘carnivore.’ Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 285 . https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1583
Loxdale, H. D., & Harvey, J. A. (2023). Generalism in nature: A community ecology perspective. Community Ecology ,24 , 113–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42974-022-00130-6
Macbeth, B. J., Cattet, M. R. L., Stenhouse, G. B., Gibeau, M. L., & Janz, D. M. (2010). Hair cortisol concentration as a noninvasive measure of long-term stress in free-ranging grizzly bears (Ursus arctos ): Considerations with implications for other wildlife. Canadian Journal of Zoology , 88 , 935–949. https://doi.org/10.1139/Z10-057
Mikkelsen, A. J., Hobson, K. A., Sergiel, A., Hertel, A. G., Selva, N., & Zedrosser, A. (2023). Testing foraging optimization models in brown bears: Time for a paradigm shift in nutritional ecology? Ecology, 105 . https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.4228
Miller, B., Dugelby, B., Foreman, D., Martinez, C., Río, D., Phillips, M., Reading, R., Soulé, M. E., Terborgh, J., & Willcox, L. (2001). The importance of large carnivores to healthy ecosystems. Endangered Species, 18, 202–210.
Orsenigo, S., Mondoni, A., Rossi, G., & Abeli, T. (2014). Some like it hot and some like it cold, but not too much: Plant responses to climate extremes. Plant Ecology , 215 , 677–688. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-014-0363-6
Pirotta, E., Thomas, L., Costa, D. P., Hall, A. J., Harris, C. M., Harwood, J., Kraus, S. D., Miller, P. J. O., Moore, M. J., Photopoulou, T., Rolland, R. M., Schwacke, L., Simmons, S. E., Southall, B. L., & Tyack, P. L. (2022). Understanding the combined effects of multiple stressors: A new perspective on a longstanding challenge. Science of the Total Environment, 82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153322
Platt, S. G., Elsey, R. M., Liu, H., Rainwater, T. R., Nifong, J. C., Rosenblatt, A. E., Heithaus, M. R., & Mazzotti, F. J. (2013). Frugivory and seed dispersal by crocodilians: An overlooked form of saurochory? Journal of Zoology , 291 , 87–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12052
Plos, C., Hensen, I., Korell, L., Auge, H., & Römermann, C. (2024). Plant species phenology differs between climate and land‐use scenarios and relates to plant functional traits. Ecology and Evolution , 14 . https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.11441
Pritchard, G. T., & Robbins, C. T. (1990). Digestive and metabolic efficiencies of grizzly and black bears. Canadian Journal of Zoology , 68 , 1645–1651. https://doi.org/10.1139/z90-244
R Core Team. (2024). A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Https://Www.R-Project.Org/. http://www.r-project.org/
Reimchen, T. E. (2017). Diverse ecological pathways of salmon nutrients through an intact marine-terrestrial interface. Canadian Field-Naturalist , 131, 350–368. https://doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v131i4.1965
Robbins, C. T., Christian, A. L., Vineyard, T. G., Thompson, D., Knott, K. K., Tollefson, T. N., Fidgett, A. L., & Wickersham, T. A. (2022). Ursids evolved early and continuously to be low-protein macronutrient omnivores. Scientific Reports , 12 , 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-19742-z
Rode, K. D., Robbins, C. T., Stricker, C. A., Taras, B. D., & Tollefson, T. N. (2021). Energetic and health effects of protein overconsumption constrain dietary adaptation in an apex predator.Scientific Reports , 11 , 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94917-8
Rode, K. D., Stricker, C. A., Erlenbach, J. A., Robbins, C. T., Cherry, S. G., Newsome, S. D., Cutting, A., Jensen, S., Stenhouse, G. B., Brooks, M., Hash, A., & Nicassio, N. (2016). Isotopic incorporation and the effects of fasting and dietary lipid content on isotopic discrimination in large carnivorous mammals.Physiological and Biochemical Zoology , 89 , 182–197. https://doi.org/10.1086/686490
Román-Palacios, C., Scholl, J. P., & Wiens, J. J. (2019). Evolution of diet across the animal tree of life. Evolution Letters ,3 , 339–347. https://doi.org/10.1002/evl3.127
Santos, E. G., Svátek, M., Nunes, M. H., Aalto, J., Senior, R. A., Matula, R., Plichta, R., & Maeda, E. E. (2024). Structural changes caused by selective logging undermine the thermal buffering capacity of tropical forests. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology , 348 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2024.109912
Schwartz, C. C., White, G. C., Harris, R. B., Cherry, S., Keating, K. A., Moody, D., & Servheen, C. (2010). Temporal, spatial, and environmental influences on the demographics of grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Wildlife Monographs ,161 , 1–8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2193/0084-0173(2006)161[1:TSAEIO]2.0.CO;2
Selås, V. (2000). Population dynamics of capercaillieTetrao urogallus in relation to bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus production in southern Norway. Wildlife Biology ,6 , 1–11. https://doi.org/10.2981/wlb.2000.032
Semmens, B. X., Ward, E. J., Moore, J. W., & Darimont, C. T. (2009). Quantifying inter- and intra-population niche variability using hierarchical Bayesian stable isotope mixing models. PLoS ONE , 4 , e6187. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006187
Sergiel, A., Cattet, M. R. L., Kapronczai, L., Janz, D. M., Selva, N., Barton, K. A., Swenson, J. E., & Zedrosser, A. (2020). Do follicles matter? Testing the effect of follicles on hair cortisol levels. Conservation Physiology , 8 , 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/coaa003
Sergiel, A., Hobson, K. A., Janz, D. M., Cattet, M. R. L., Selva, N., Kapronczai, L., Gryba, C., & Zedrosser, A. (2017). Compatibility of preparatory procedures for the analysis of cortisol concentrations and stable isotope (δ 13C,δ 15N) ratios: A test on brown bear hair.Conservation Physiology , 5 . https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/cox021
Singh, N. J., Danell, K., Edenius, L., & Ericsson, G. (2014). Tackling the motivation to monitor: Success and sustainability of a participatory monitoring program. Ecology and Society ,19 , art7. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-06665-190407
Stenset, N. E., Lutnæs, P. N., Bjarnadóttir, V., Dahle, B., Fossum, K. H., Jigsved, P., Johansen, T., Neumann, W., Opseth, O., Rønning, O., Steyaert, S. M. J. G., Zedrosser, A., Brunberg, S., & Swenson, J. E. (2016). Seasonal and annual variation in the diet of brown bearsUrsus arctos in the boreal forest of southcentral Sweden.Wildlife Biology , 22 , 107–116. https://doi.org/10.2981/wlb.00194
Stern, J. H., Laidre, K. L., Born, E. W., Wiig, Ø., & McKinney, M. A. (2024). Space‐use strategies drive diet composition of Baffin Bay polar bears. Ecosphere , 15 . https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.4826
Steyaert, S. M. J. G., Reusch, C., Brunberg, S., Swenson, J. E., Hackländer, K., & Zedrosser, A. (2013). Infanticide as a male reproductive strategy has a nutritive risk effect in brown bears.Biology Letters , 9 , 20130624. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0624
Stock, B. C., Jackson, A. L., Ward, E. J., Parnell, A. C., Phillips, D. L., & Semmens, B. X. (2018). Analyzing mixing systems using a new generation of Bayesian tracer mixing models. PeerJ ,6 , e5096. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5096
Stock, B. C., & Semmens, B. X. (2013). MixSIAR GUI User Manual. Version 3.1, March, 1–42. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.47719.1
Stoner, D. C., Sexton, J. O., Choate, D. M., Nagol, J., Bernales, H. H., Sims, S. A., Ironside, K. E., Longshore, K. M., & Edwards, T. C. (2018). Climatically driven changes in primary production propagate through trophic levels. Global Change Biology ,24 , 4453–4463. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14364
Swenson, J. E., Dahle, B., Busk, H., Opseth, O., Johansen, T., Söderberg, A., Wallin, K., & Cederlund, G. (2007). Predation on moose calves by European brown bears. The Journal of Wildlife Management , 71 , 1993–1997. https://doi.org/10.2193/2006-308
Thompson, R. M., Hemberg, M., Starzomski, B. M., & Shurin, J. B. (2007). Trophic levels and trophic tangles: The prevalence of omnivory in real food webs. Ecology , 88 , 612–617. https://doi.org/10.1890/05-1454
Welch, C. A., Keay, J., Kendall, K. C., & Robbins, C. T. (1997). Constraints on frugivory by bears. Ecology , 78 , 1105–1119. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[1105:COFBB]2.0.CO;2
Yoshimura, H., Hirata, S., & Kinoshita, K. (2021). Plant‐eating carnivores: Multispecies analysis on factors influencing the frequency of plant occurrence in obligate carnivores. Ecology and Evolution , 11 , 10968–10983. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7885