In 2016, the establishment of an ARC Critical Zone Observatory (CZO) within the TERENO network intensified research efforts. The CZO is equipped with a comprehensive monitoring system, including wireless sensor networks, cosmic-ray neutron sensors, piezometers, meteorological stations, and additional tools for hydro-geophysical surveys, stable isotope analysis, and remote sensing. Coupled with in-situ soil hydraulic experiments and modeling, the ARC has evolved into a unique synthesis of a CZO and an open-air laboratory. Our primary goal is to quantify the impacts of Mediterranean climate variability and land use change on water availability and management within the ARC. By integrating field observations with advanced modeling techniques, we aim to provide crucial insights for sustainable water resource management in this vulnerable region. Nasta et al. (2023HP)