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FIGURE 1: Global risk maps of H5N1 infection based on the
distribution range of wild bird species reported as infected between
2020 and 2024 in all continents except Oceania (where the virus is still
absent): high risk (red) and low risk (blue). A) Map of risk including
the distribution range of Brown skuas (Stercorarius antarcticus ),
South Polar skuas (Stercorarius maccormicki ), Wandering albatross
(Diomedea exulans ) and Giant petrels (Macronectes
giganteus ), species that already tested positive to H5N1 and move all
throughout the Southern Ocean Flyway. Brown points indicate suspected
and confirmed H5N1 cases in various wild bird species from October 2023
to November 2024, black points positive cases between 2021 and 2023 in
Southern Africa, while red points represent new suspected cases (based
on high mortalities and symptoms) on Marion Island and Île de la
Possession detected between September and November 2024. Bird
silhouettes represent approximate movement patterns of Wandering
Albatrosses based on Weimerskirch et al. 2014, 201513,15. B) Map of H5N1 risk in Oceania based on the
species infected in other regions of the world. Coastal areas,
particularly in the southern region, are at higher risk due to the
presence of species reported as infected in other parts of the world,
particularly the species using the Southern Ocean Flyway.