Conflict can induce negative affect, which may enhance performance in subsequent tasks. Our recent behavirol study showed that the subjective experience of conflict improved performance not only in subsequent conflict (incongruent) trials but also in non-conflict (congruent) trials. However, it remains unclear how fluctuations in conflict-induced negative affect influence performance adjustments. In this electroencephalography (EEG) study, we investigated the influences of subjective experience and implicit regulation of conflict-induced negative affect on subsequent performance, by comparing two conditions: ‘Experience-do’ where participants simply experienced the Stroop stimulus, and ‘Experience-Rating-do’ where they rated their emotional response to the stimulus before responding. Thirty-eight participants performed a modified color-word Stroop task under these conditions. Behaviorally, both experiencing and rating conflict-induced negative affect improved subsequent performance across conflict and non-conflict trials. At the ERP level, the ‘Experience-R-do’ condition showed increased Late Positive Potential (LPP) and P1amplitudes in the preceding phase and decreased conflict slow potential (SP) in the current phase, suggesting lower control demands. In contrast, the ‘Experience-do’ condition showed increased LPP, P1, and conflict SP amplitudes in the current phase, reflecting heightened emotional and cognitive engagement. Notably, improvements in conflict adjustments were linked to distinct mechanisms: increased P1 and reduced conflict SP facilitated performance under the ‘Expereicen-R-do’ condition, while larger LPP was associated with gains in the ‘Experiecne-do’ condition. These findings shed light on the distinct mechanisms by which subjective experience and implicit regulation nof conflict-induced negative affect contribute to adaptive performance adjustments.