In recent years, the application of probiotics has garnered increasing attention. This surge in interest is largely attributed to an expanding body of research revealing the positive role of probiotics in enhancing human health. Specifically, the gut microbiome—a complex ecosystem dominated by bacteria—exerts significant influence on host health through microbial interactions and inter-species crosstalk. Despite Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) constituting a relatively minor proportion of the gut microbiome, numerous studies have confirmed their pivotal role in intestinal health. Historically, LAB have been integral to foods and pharmaceuticals, exhibiting beneficial effects on various human body systems. For instance, certain strains of LAB are involved in addressing neurological issues through the microbiota-gut-brain/liver/lung axis, highlighting their probiotic characteristics. However, in-depth research into the intrinsic mechanisms of LAB, along with assessments of their dietary safety and scientific value, remains imperative. A deeper understanding of how LAB influences and modulates the molecular mechanisms of intestinal diseases will aid in the development of innovative microbial therapeutic strategies in biology and medicine. This paper aims to review the latest research advancements in LAB’s promotion of intestinal health.