Carbon dots (CDs), characterized by their small size (approximately 10 nm) and composition of sp2/sp3 carbon nuclei with surface-modified functional groups, have attracted significant research attention due to their unique photophysical, electrochemical, and biomedical properties. This article provides a comprehensive review of the latest advancements in boron-doped carbon dots (B-CDs), a subclass of CDs that incorporate boron atoms. The review begins with an overview of B-CDs synthetic strategies, including ”top-down” and ”bottom-up” approaches, and discusses the impact of boron doping on the optical properties of CDs. It then outlines the inherent PLmechanism of CDs and delves into the diverse biological applications of these nanomaterials, including their use as fluorescent sensors, bio-imaging agents, antibacterial agents, in medical therapies, and drug delivery systems. Each application is examined in terms of its current progress and potential for future development. Furthermore, the review presents insights on emerging trends and foreseeable challenges in the field of B-CDs, serving as a valuable guide for researchers and industry professionals interested in this exciting and rapidly evolving area of nanotechnology.